1 00:00:00,620 --> 00:00:06,900 Bodie Pennisi: Thank you, Richie. Good afternoon, everyone, and welcome to the Getting the Best of Pests 2 00:00:06,980 --> 00:00:14,900 Bodie Pennisi: Green Industry Series for 2026. I hope everyone is keeping warm, and we have a great lineup 3 00:00:15,140 --> 00:00:22,400 Bodie Pennisi: of speakers for today's webinar. Our first speaker is Dr. Ryan Klein, who is an assistant 4 00:00:22,420 --> 00:00:25,600 Bodie Pennisi: professor of arboriculture at the University of Florida. 5 00:00:26,180 --> 00:00:31,779 Bodie Pennisi: He has 12 years of experience in the industry and the tree and care industry in the nursery. 6 00:00:33,020 --> 00:00:38,640 Bodie Pennisi: His research focuses on tree risk assessment, arboricultural best management practices, and 7 00:00:38,640 --> 00:00:42,220 Bodie Pennisi: the impacts of natural disasters on urban tree populations. 8 00:00:43,100 --> 00:00:43,920 Bodie Pennisi: Ryan, the floor is yours. 9 00:00:47,260 --> 00:00:47,740 Ryan Klein: All right. 10 00:00:47,940 --> 00:00:49,260 Ryan Klein: Can you see my screen? 11 00:00:50,260 --> 00:00:50,720 Ryan Klein: Sure can. 12 00:00:51,260 --> 00:00:51,680 Ryan Klein: Looking good. 13 00:00:52,340 --> 00:00:53,920 Ryan Klein: Now I just got to figure out how to show my face. 14 00:00:57,400 --> 00:00:59,660 Ryan Klein: I think I can prompt you for it, like with the mic. 15 00:01:00,420 --> 00:01:00,720 Ryan Klein: Got it. 16 00:01:00,960 --> 00:01:01,100 Ryan Klein: Got it. 17 00:01:01,260 --> 00:01:01,600 Ryan Klein: There we go. 18 00:01:01,780 --> 00:01:01,920 Ryan Klein: Perfect. 19 00:01:02,040 --> 00:01:02,239 Ryan Klein: Awesome. 20 00:01:02,800 --> 00:01:04,100 Ryan Klein: Thank you for the... 21 00:01:04,220 --> 00:01:08,920 Ryan Klein: Introduction, Dr. Pennisi, and thanks for the housekeeping, Rich. 22 00:01:09,780 --> 00:01:15,900 Ryan Klein: So today, we're going to be talking about just some general best management practices 23 00:01:16,900 --> 00:01:24,540 Ryan Klein: related to newly planted trees as they're maturing in the landscape, and just some things 24 00:01:24,659 --> 00:01:29,619 Ryan Klein: we should be aware of, whether we're homeowners, whether we work for a municipality, we have 25 00:01:29,619 --> 00:01:30,860 Ryan Klein: our own business, whatever. 26 00:01:31,440 --> 00:01:38,360 Ryan Klein: just some best practices to hopefully ensure that we're maximizing the benefits that our urban trees are providing, 27 00:01:39,680 --> 00:01:41,880 Ryan Klein: minimizing some of the management inputs, 28 00:01:42,700 --> 00:01:46,980 Ryan Klein: and then, you know, setting trees up for just long-term survival in the landscape. 29 00:01:47,540 --> 00:01:49,400 Ryan Klein: Here's a picture from Savannah, Georgia. 30 00:01:50,120 --> 00:01:56,040 Ryan Klein: I love to use this in my slides, just a great urban canopy, a nice little pocket park within the city. 31 00:01:56,970 --> 00:02:01,540 Ryan Klein: You got some nice mature live oaks there providing lots of shade. 32 00:02:01,740 --> 00:02:07,420 Ryan Klein: And, you know, if we do the right things throughout the life of the tree, we can have situations like this. 33 00:02:08,000 --> 00:02:12,820 Ryan Klein: Obviously, we're up against things like development, mismanagement, but it is possible. 34 00:02:13,210 --> 00:02:16,020 Ryan Klein: So with that, I'm going to get started here. 35 00:02:17,400 --> 00:02:36,140 Ryan Klein: All right, so some of the things we're going to cover just in general, you know, urban trees and some of the adversity they face, whether it be natural occurrences or, you know, manmade adversity, because at the end of the day, a lot of the issues that trees face are due to human inputs. 36 00:02:37,440 --> 00:02:42,720 Ryan Klein: We're going to look at designing sites and how that can impact survival long-term. 37 00:02:43,660 --> 00:02:47,700 Ryan Klein: And then we're going to touch on some best practices that, you know, we can implement, 38 00:02:48,200 --> 00:02:53,400 Ryan Klein: you know, from the time that we're planting the tree to the time that the tree is potentially ready to be removed. 39 00:02:54,020 --> 00:02:59,840 Ryan Klein: And then at the very end, depending on how long I ramble on, I'll touch on some of the research that I'm currently working on 40 00:02:59,980 --> 00:03:03,040 Ryan Klein: that kind of falls into the bucket of best practices. 41 00:03:04,200 --> 00:03:09,440 Ryan Klein: So I assume, you know, most people on this call have some semblance of an understanding 42 00:03:09,540 --> 00:03:11,140 Ryan Klein: of the benefits that trees provide. 43 00:03:11,860 --> 00:03:18,260 Ryan Klein: Anything from, you know, environmental benefits, economic, you know, curb appeal, societal functions, 44 00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:22,620 Ryan Klein: you know, we might want to gather under a tree for a picnic or something like that. 45 00:03:23,480 --> 00:03:28,620 Ryan Klein: You know, failures of urban trees can pose significant consequences to public health and 46 00:03:28,820 --> 00:03:30,520 Ryan Klein: safety, property damage. 47 00:03:31,120 --> 00:03:33,260 Ryan Klein: disrupting utilities, things like that. 48 00:03:33,510 --> 00:03:37,880 Ryan Klein: The biggest thing to keep in mind is that the risk of injury or death as a result of 49 00:03:38,020 --> 00:03:40,080 Ryan Klein: some sort of tree failure is extremely low. 50 00:03:40,580 --> 00:03:45,960 Ryan Klein: In the US, it's about 35 people a year die from some random tree failure, you know, compared 51 00:03:46,140 --> 00:03:48,820 Ryan Klein: to a lot of other things that we actively participate in. 52 00:03:49,250 --> 00:03:52,640 Ryan Klein: You know, it's a very low likelihood that something's going to happen. 53 00:03:53,260 --> 00:04:02,240 Ryan Klein: That's not to say when I was riding my bike around campus today when those trees were whipping in the wind, I wasn't keeping my eye on some of those branch unions as I went under them. 54 00:04:03,800 --> 00:04:10,680 Ryan Klein: All right. So I'm going to use Florida here just to kind of point out a general trend across the country. 55 00:04:11,439 --> 00:04:19,280 Ryan Klein: So this was part of a project that came out probably about five or six years ago now. 56 00:04:19,350 --> 00:04:35,360 Ryan Klein: But essentially, they were looking at, you know, current state of Florida based off of 2010 data and then looking to see what it would project out as far as some of the population increases and then use of natural resources. 57 00:04:36,440 --> 00:04:46,520 Ryan Klein: And basically what they found was that by 2070, basically a third of the state is going to be developed and the population is essentially going to double by then. 58 00:04:47,100 --> 00:04:54,020 Ryan Klein: So currently we're around like 22 million and we're going to get up to almost 40 million in the next, say, 45 years. 59 00:04:55,060 --> 00:05:00,560 Ryan Klein: areas where they're already very densely populated are going to see population increases. 60 00:05:00,900 --> 00:05:03,820 Ryan Klein: So, you know, we're going to start building up a lot of those areas you're going to see 61 00:05:03,980 --> 00:05:08,760 Ryan Klein: there are in the major cities, coastal areas, places people really want to, you know, move 62 00:05:08,860 --> 00:05:11,220 Ryan Klein: to because we have a lot of people moving to the state. 63 00:05:11,650 --> 00:05:16,580 Ryan Klein: But then also you're going to see sprawl into some of the less densely populated areas, 64 00:05:16,900 --> 00:05:17,980 Ryan Klein: maybe in the center of the state. 65 00:05:18,539 --> 00:05:24,159 Ryan Klein: And this is due to cheaper land and then more available space because we're already pretty 66 00:05:24,440 --> 00:05:26,759 Ryan Klein: congested on the coastal areas and within the city. 67 00:05:26,960 --> 00:05:32,819 Ryan Klein: So the project was proposing this, you know, plan development to where we could have maybe 68 00:05:32,960 --> 00:05:37,419 Ryan Klein: more compact development, less sprawl, you know, less stress on some of these natural 69 00:05:37,659 --> 00:05:38,039 Ryan Klein: resources. 70 00:05:38,150 --> 00:05:43,039 Ryan Klein: But it all comes down to being strategic when we're designing our urban areas for future 71 00:05:43,300 --> 00:05:43,520 Ryan Klein: growth. 72 00:05:44,020 --> 00:05:51,860 Ryan Klein: So that in conjunction with things like climate change, natural disasters, things like that, 73 00:05:52,560 --> 00:05:57,760 Ryan Klein: the intergovernmental panel on climate change was predicting somewhere between 2.7, 3.6 74 00:05:58,070 --> 00:06:02,220 Ryan Klein: degree increase in global surface temperatures by the end of the century. 75 00:06:02,740 --> 00:06:06,940 Ryan Klein: I think it was last summer, the summer before we've already surpassed that threshold, and 76 00:06:07,120 --> 00:06:21,940 Ryan Klein: So along with that, you know, an increased frequency and intensity of natural disasters, so droughts, fires, extreme wind events, pest outbreaks. I mean, who here hasn't seen at least a couple of those in the news, I would say? 77 00:06:22,699 --> 00:06:24,600 Ryan Klein: every year for the past four or five years. 78 00:06:25,340 --> 00:06:26,740 Ryan Klein: So maybe there's something to that. 79 00:06:27,509 --> 00:06:32,500 Ryan Klein: And then also this can pose significant risks to urban forest canopy cover. 80 00:06:32,949 --> 00:06:38,000 Ryan Klein: So aside from developers coming in and taking out large swaths of trees, 81 00:06:38,440 --> 00:06:41,520 Ryan Klein: forested areas, you know, heritage trees, things like that, 82 00:06:41,520 --> 00:06:45,479 Ryan Klein: we also have these natural events that are impacting canopy cover. 83 00:06:46,039 --> 00:06:47,879 Ryan Klein: and the benefits we receive from trees. 84 00:06:48,539 --> 00:06:51,919 Ryan Klein: So in the Southeast here, which would also impact Georgia, 85 00:06:52,909 --> 00:06:55,860 Ryan Klein: you know, warmer minimum temperatures, less precipitation. 86 00:06:57,360 --> 00:06:59,979 Ryan Klein: So I don't know if anybody out there has seen this, 87 00:07:00,060 --> 00:07:01,720 Ryan Klein: it's from Davey and the Arbor Day Foundation, 88 00:07:02,280 --> 00:07:05,080 Ryan Klein: but it's a future plant hardiness zone map 89 00:07:05,319 --> 00:07:20,259 Ryan Klein: So I pulled up best case scenario here and essentially it goes through since 1980 and shows how hardiness zones are shifting. So this was Athens, Georgia, not all cities are listed on the interactive map but fortunately they did have one for Athens. 90 00:07:21,020 --> 00:07:25,200 Ryan Klein: So I pulled that up and you can see in this scenario here from about 1980, 91 00:07:25,850 --> 00:07:31,840 Ryan Klein: the hardiness zone was seven B when you get to about 2010 to currently it's 92 00:07:32,020 --> 00:07:35,620 Ryan Klein: eight a, and then it goes to eight B by the end of the century. 93 00:07:36,500 --> 00:07:37,740 Ryan Klein: So along with that, 94 00:07:37,900 --> 00:07:42,720 Ryan Klein: just being strategic as a manager of trees and landscapes, you know, 95 00:07:43,020 --> 00:07:46,680 Ryan Klein: how does that change the species palette that we're able to plant in areas? 96 00:07:47,150 --> 00:07:50,680 Ryan Klein: So now that it's getting warmer, you know, 97 00:07:49,140 --> 00:08:01,300 Ryan Klein: There might be some species that were maybe better suited for, you know, the southern part of the state or potentially even northern Florida that didn't grow in your area before that, you know, maybe suitable candidates for planting. 98 00:08:01,860 --> 00:08:05,480 Ryan Klein: The other thing I will say, because we've done a research trial on this. 99 00:08:06,000 --> 00:08:13,520 Ryan Klein: It's not necessarily the warm temperatures that seem to be the issue as far as what you can plant where. 100 00:08:13,780 --> 00:08:15,520 Ryan Klein: It's actually those minimum cold temperatures. 101 00:08:16,090 --> 00:08:25,340 Ryan Klein: So you still have to keep in mind, you know, minimum cold tolerance when you're assisting some of the migration of species that maybe weren't commonly planted in your area previously. 102 00:08:27,500 --> 00:08:32,940 Ryan Klein: Another site you can kind of reference to see what's potentially going to happen in the future. 103 00:08:34,030 --> 00:08:38,660 Ryan Klein: This is out of University of Maryland's Center for Environmental Studies. 104 00:08:40,630 --> 00:08:45,240 Ryan Klein: They have this map where you can plug in your city and again, not every city is on there. 105 00:08:45,940 --> 00:08:51,100 Ryan Klein: Fortunately, Athens was, but they tell you what your city is going to be like in the future. 106 00:08:51,640 --> 00:08:57,780 Ryan Klein: Athens, Georgia, in 60 years is projected to be similar to Kaplan, Louisiana. 107 00:08:58,580 --> 00:09:10,880 Ryan Klein: So your climate conditions are going to be similar to that, which means tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas and shrublands. 108 00:09:11,420 --> 00:09:15,600 Ryan Klein: So when I've done this before for other cities, every once in a while, it'll pull one up from 109 00:09:15,630 --> 00:09:16,340 Ryan Klein: a different country. 110 00:09:17,080 --> 00:09:21,440 Ryan Klein: I was trying to think, it might've been Fort Lauderdale not too long ago I did this for, 111 00:09:21,540 --> 00:09:25,140 Ryan Klein: and they said it was going to be like something similar to somewhere over in Saudi Arabia. 112 00:09:26,080 --> 00:09:30,060 Ryan Klein: So depending where you're at in the country, you know, by the end of the century, or in 113 00:09:30,070 --> 00:09:34,000 Ryan Klein: this case, 60 years, you know, your climates might change pretty drastically, which again 114 00:09:34,260 --> 00:09:36,140 Ryan Klein: could affect your plant palette. 115 00:09:36,920 --> 00:09:53,560 Ryan Klein: So the other thing that we have to compete with in a lot of areas here in the southeast, especially those closest to the coast, are some of the impacts of other disasters, specifically hurricanes, the tornadoes that pop up from that. 116 00:09:54,140 --> 00:09:59,140 Ryan Klein: So we have this high concentration of urban development along these coastlines. 117 00:10:00,040 --> 00:10:01,220 Ryan Klein: You know, some of it's planned. 118 00:10:01,709 --> 00:10:03,480 Ryan Klein: Some of it's maybe planned less well. 119 00:10:04,060 --> 00:10:09,380 Ryan Klein: We also have these landscapes that have been designed, preserved natural ecosystems, things 120 00:10:09,560 --> 00:10:09,920 Ryan Klein: like that. 121 00:10:10,190 --> 00:10:15,940 Ryan Klein: You know, a lot of these areas are susceptible to these extreme wind events, especially landscapes, 122 00:10:16,339 --> 00:10:21,019 Ryan Klein: maybe structures, not always depending on when they were built, but they can sustain 123 00:10:21,339 --> 00:10:21,959 Ryan Klein: considerable damage. 124 00:10:22,819 --> 00:10:41,220 Ryan Klein: You know, one thing to keep in mind here when we're talking about risk and likelihood of failure of trees is that, you know, even trees that are deemed to be structurally sound, low risk trees, if you have a category two or higher hit your area, all bets are off of whether or not that structurally sound tree is still going to survive. 125 00:10:42,139 --> 00:10:43,000 Ryan Klein: Just keep that in mind. 126 00:10:44,339 --> 00:10:58,640 Ryan Klein: And a lot of that, and we'll touch on that later, but some of that has to play into the site design as well. It's not just the tree structure. So, you know, as far as hurricane season goes, typically, you know, June 1st to the end of November, 127 00:10:59,420 --> 00:11:03,820 Ryan Klein: is the peak season or the, or sorry, the, the hurricane season, 128 00:11:03,820 --> 00:11:07,200 Ryan Klein: the peak season is that, uh, mid August to late October, 129 00:11:07,900 --> 00:11:10,640 Ryan Klein: you get those waters in the Atlantic and the Gulf that, you know, 130 00:11:10,760 --> 00:11:14,060 Ryan Klein: warm up enough to get those, uh, tropical waves. You know, 131 00:11:14,360 --> 00:11:17,560 Ryan Klein: fortunately for me, more storms hit the state of Florida than any other. 132 00:11:17,760 --> 00:11:21,420 Ryan Klein: I say that jokingly, but not so much because I always, uh, 133 00:11:22,180 --> 00:11:23,380 Ryan Klein: tell people when, uh, 134 00:11:23,820 --> 00:11:32,480 Ryan Klein: I'm giving talks and, you know, I'm meeting people for work purposes, stuff like that, that I hope their city has a tree inventory before the hurricane hits. 135 00:11:33,130 --> 00:11:42,620 Ryan Klein: And then I hope they're the next one to be hit. And I say that jokingly because we don't have that front end data, you know, about what trees are there, what condition those trees are in and all that stuff. 136 00:11:42,960 --> 00:11:48,400 Ryan Klein: Once the storm hits, it's not as meaningful to just say, hey, that tree failed, this tree 137 00:11:48,660 --> 00:11:48,780 Ryan Klein: failed. 138 00:11:49,120 --> 00:11:53,100 Ryan Klein: A lot of times, you know, people go in and say all of this species failed or a lot of 139 00:11:53,160 --> 00:11:53,860 Ryan Klein: this species failed. 140 00:11:54,500 --> 00:11:55,880 Ryan Klein: Yeah, but there was management inputs. 141 00:11:56,360 --> 00:12:00,000 Ryan Klein: There was quality of trees when they were planted, their site conditions. 142 00:12:00,200 --> 00:12:04,480 Ryan Klein: There's a lot of other variables that if we have that front end data, it makes the aftermath 143 00:12:04,660 --> 00:12:07,400 Ryan Klein: a little bit more meaningful from a research perspective. 144 00:12:08,540 --> 00:12:08,940 Ryan Klein: Yeah. 145 00:12:09,420 --> 00:12:26,260 Ryan Klein: All right. So, you know, when we're looking at the 10 most expensive hurricanes in the US, six of the top 10 have happened since 2017. I know last year was a lull in hurricane season. I don't think we had any major storms hit Florida. 146 00:12:26,840 --> 00:12:34,800 Ryan Klein: But, you know, just the way things are trending over the past 10 years or so, it does seem like there's an increased frequency and intensity. 147 00:12:35,090 --> 00:12:43,560 Ryan Klein: So just, you know, something to be mindful of, you know, when we're planting these trees out there and being strategic and making sure we have high quality trees and all that. 148 00:12:43,670 --> 00:12:47,000 Ryan Klein: And we'll go over that. But just something to put in perspective. 149 00:12:47,760 --> 00:13:16,360 Ryan Klein: So there's lots of other stressors in the urban environment, you know, unrelated to natural disasters. We got poor soil quality, compacted soil, urban heat islands that can cause drought like conditions, lack of management, improper management, you know, all these different things, construction damage. And basically the past research on the topic has found that we have an increased mortality rate in these urban areas due to a lot of these variables that I just mentioned. 150 00:13:17,040 --> 00:13:21,780 Ryan Klein: So these urban trees have a shorter life expectancy, typically than trees in rural areas. 151 00:13:23,020 --> 00:13:27,240 Ryan Klein: And you'll find, you know, certain trees are going to do better in these urban sites because 152 00:13:27,320 --> 00:13:29,380 Ryan Klein: they can tolerate, you know, a lot more adversity. 153 00:13:30,080 --> 00:13:34,120 Ryan Klein: But what we need to be cautious of is that we don't over plant a lot of these species 154 00:13:34,340 --> 00:13:39,520 Ryan Klein: and develop some sort of monoculture because then when the next emerald ash borer or Dutch 155 00:13:39,680 --> 00:13:45,500 Ryan Klein: elm disease or oak wilt or whatever comes into your community, you might lose a substantial 156 00:13:45,740 --> 00:13:46,680 Ryan Klein: of your canopy. 157 00:13:47,960 --> 00:13:58,440 Ryan Klein: Unfortunately, though, and we found this when we were doing one of my PhD student studies where we were trying to introduce underutilized species is the growers are not growing them. 158 00:13:58,770 --> 00:14:05,060 Ryan Klein: So sourcing some of these underutilized trees can be problematic, especially if you're looking for certain sizes. 159 00:14:05,780 --> 00:14:07,120 Ryan Klein: and certain numbers of trees. 160 00:14:07,260 --> 00:14:08,900 Ryan Klein: Like if you're wanting to do a large planting effort, 161 00:14:09,040 --> 00:14:10,360 Ryan Klein: you might be able to find a half dozen 162 00:14:10,580 --> 00:14:11,900 Ryan Klein: of underutilized species, 163 00:14:12,240 --> 00:14:14,480 Ryan Klein: but you might not be able to find 40 or 50 of them. 164 00:14:15,040 --> 00:14:16,680 Ryan Klein: And, you know, maybe they're one gallon 165 00:14:17,020 --> 00:14:18,180 Ryan Klein: rather than 45 gallons. 166 00:14:18,300 --> 00:14:20,200 Ryan Klein: So just some other things to consider, 167 00:14:20,580 --> 00:14:22,740 Ryan Klein: you know, if you're trying to diversify your urban forest. 168 00:14:24,980 --> 00:14:27,620 Ryan Klein: big thing is right tree, right place. 169 00:14:27,810 --> 00:14:31,600 Ryan Klein: And hopefully everybody's heard this at nauseam, but I hate to say it. 170 00:14:31,650 --> 00:14:37,220 Ryan Klein: We're still not doing it. You know, as the larger green industry community, 171 00:14:37,840 --> 00:14:38,980 Ryan Klein: we need to, you know, 172 00:14:39,540 --> 00:14:43,560 Ryan Klein: determine what's going to be the best fit for the site that we have a planting space for. 173 00:14:44,060 --> 00:14:47,880 Ryan Klein: Yeah, maybe we want that large live oak that could potentially provide shade, 174 00:14:48,140 --> 00:14:49,240 Ryan Klein: assuming it gets to maturity. 175 00:14:50,149 --> 00:14:54,660 Ryan Klein: But at the end of the day, maybe that's not the right tree for a three-foot-wide planting strip. 176 00:14:55,560 --> 00:15:09,580 Ryan Klein: So, you know, there's a balance there. You want to make sure we're minimizing the management inputs. And if you're planting the wrong species in a certain site, it might increase those exponentially. So there's lots of online information. 177 00:15:10,680 --> 00:15:12,240 Ryan Klein: You can lean on local knowledge. 178 00:15:12,470 --> 00:15:14,820 Ryan Klein: You can also go out there and do a site evaluation. 179 00:15:15,300 --> 00:15:21,560 Ryan Klein: There's lots of interactive sites online where you can do site evaluations, things like that. 180 00:15:21,830 --> 00:15:26,860 Ryan Klein: I'll talk about a project I was involved in a little bit later to determine right tree, 181 00:15:27,020 --> 00:15:27,320 Ryan Klein: right place. 182 00:15:27,770 --> 00:15:32,300 Ryan Klein: The other thing is you obviously want to plant something that you have an interest in. 183 00:15:32,300 --> 00:15:34,980 Ryan Klein: It's got some desired characteristics, something like that. 184 00:15:35,440 --> 00:15:50,040 Ryan Klein: So, you know, it's a balance there too, but the goal here is to maximize tree benefits, minimize those inputs and potential risks to public health and safety. And when you have trees that have low survival rates, at the end of the day, you're losing those long term benefits. 185 00:15:50,640 --> 00:15:54,340 Ryan Klein: So you want to start with that high quality nursery stock and then, you know, proactive 186 00:15:54,620 --> 00:15:55,320 Ryan Klein: maintenance from there. 187 00:15:55,880 --> 00:16:01,480 Ryan Klein: I've seen a couple of studies over the years where typically trees are not paying some sort 188 00:16:01,480 --> 00:16:03,940 Ryan Klein: of net benefits until around 25 years. 189 00:16:04,560 --> 00:16:09,000 Ryan Klein: So if we're constantly in a cycle of replacing trees every 15 to 20 years, we're basically 190 00:16:09,280 --> 00:16:14,480 Ryan Klein: just, you know, paying out the labor, the cost to maintain, you know, material, like 191 00:16:14,680 --> 00:16:18,840 Ryan Klein: everything else that goes into it, but we're not really receiving any of those net benefits. 192 00:16:19,620 --> 00:16:42,560 Ryan Klein: So I mentioned desired species traits. You know, there's a ton out there, you know, maybe function, you want shade or drought tolerance, mature size, you want something that is going to grow within the space rather than outgrow it. Maybe you want something that is specifically excurrent or decurrent because of the site and there needs to be some sort of clearance or whatever visibility. 193 00:16:43,840 --> 00:17:01,480 Ryan Klein: ornamental traits, you know, showy flowers, leaf color, maybe you want something that's got strong wood associated with it. So it's gonna be more resilient and storms, you know, something that's adapted to urban environments. So you know, things related to future climates and stuff like that. 194 00:17:04,699 --> 00:17:21,079 Ryan Klein: All right. So I mentioned site evaluation. When you're conducting the evaluation, you want to identify any site characteristics that could adversely impact growth, establishment, survival at the site. So above ground, some of the things to consider are environmental factors like available sunlight. 195 00:17:21,560 --> 00:17:30,120 Ryan Klein: exposure to wind, nearby trees that could shade it out and adversely affect the way the tree's structure develops. 196 00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:36,340 Ryan Klein: And then some urban factors such as proximity to utility lines, buildings that are nearby, 197 00:17:37,540 --> 00:17:44,820 Ryan Klein: signs that might be blocked to where the tree is then needing to be improperly pruned later to get some sort of clearance for visibility. 198 00:17:45,880 --> 00:17:55,040 Ryan Klein: And then some of those below ground site attributes, things like soil quality, compaction, drainage, all things that could affect establishment survival. 199 00:17:56,120 --> 00:17:59,100 Ryan Klein: And then are there any potential site modifications that can be made? 200 00:17:59,230 --> 00:18:01,600 Ryan Klein: Is it possible to move lights or wires? 201 00:18:02,340 --> 00:18:02,780 Ryan Klein: Probably not. 202 00:18:03,040 --> 00:18:06,740 Ryan Klein: A lot of municipalities are going to underground utilities on new developments. 203 00:18:07,200 --> 00:18:12,060 Ryan Klein: Those can also be just as problematic as above ground utilities limits the planting space. 204 00:18:12,660 --> 00:18:18,280 Ryan Klein: Are there soil amendments that can be applied or can you improve the drainage by, you know, 205 00:18:18,560 --> 00:18:20,100 Ryan Klein: regrading the site, something like that. 206 00:18:20,650 --> 00:18:24,160 Ryan Klein: And then finally, you know, any sort of maintenance post planting. 207 00:18:24,560 --> 00:18:29,240 Ryan Klein: So irrigation, is it even possible to irrigate at this site? 208 00:18:29,600 --> 00:18:34,660 Ryan Klein: Pruning, you know, how frequently is somebody going to get out there and structurally prune 209 00:18:34,660 --> 00:18:39,340 Ryan Klein: the tree throughout the, you know, first decade or so the trees in the, uh, 210 00:18:38,700 --> 00:18:42,520 Ryan Klein: the landscape, you know, any fertilization or pest control needs. 211 00:18:44,220 --> 00:18:49,240 Ryan Klein: All right. So we see a lot of this, unfortunately, small planting spaces. 212 00:18:50,080 --> 00:18:53,660 Ryan Klein: You got your, you know, little islands, your peninsulas, your planting strips. 213 00:18:54,040 --> 00:18:58,840 Ryan Klein: The planting strips, best case scenario, it's going to allow those roots to extend out both directions, 214 00:18:59,620 --> 00:19:00,960 Ryan Klein: you know, towards its neighboring trees. 215 00:19:01,760 --> 00:19:04,280 Ryan Klein: The one on the left there, that little small planting island, 216 00:19:04,420 --> 00:19:06,360 Ryan Klein: they should have just paved over the whole parking lot. 217 00:19:06,380 --> 00:19:07,540 Ryan Klein: That tree's not going to survive. 218 00:19:08,140 --> 00:19:19,680 Ryan Klein: So, you know, a lot of wasted time, money, loss of, you know, potential future benefits when we don't, you know, start with some planning or design that can prevent situations like this. 219 00:19:08,360 --> 00:19:08,480 Ryan Klein: Yeah. 220 00:19:20,320 --> 00:19:24,040 Ryan Klein: Sometimes there's stuff in code that will present it, prevent it at the municipal level. 221 00:19:24,760 --> 00:19:29,960 Ryan Klein: If you do have only a small space that you can plant in, plant a species that's not going to get large. 222 00:19:30,559 --> 00:19:32,620 Ryan Klein: Don't try to plant that large growing shade tree. 223 00:19:33,220 --> 00:19:34,539 Ryan Klein: You know, here's an ideal situation. 224 00:19:35,220 --> 00:19:39,279 Ryan Klein: You know, roots can grow two to three times wider than the crown of the tree on a decurrent tree. 225 00:19:39,980 --> 00:19:44,080 Ryan Klein: Fine roots can be found well beyond the canopy or the drip line. 226 00:19:44,780 --> 00:19:47,920 Ryan Klein: So, you know, when we have these small planting spaces, it's very confined. 227 00:19:47,970 --> 00:19:50,280 Ryan Klein: You get deflected roots and potentially wind throw. 228 00:19:50,840 --> 00:19:53,280 Ryan Klein: The roots are going to help anchor the tree under high winds. 229 00:19:53,370 --> 00:19:56,100 Ryan Klein: So we want them to spread out as far as they possibly can. 230 00:19:57,100 --> 00:19:59,660 Ryan Klein: This is what we see more times than not in practice. 231 00:20:00,419 --> 00:20:05,039 Ryan Klein: You got, you know, a shade tree planted under the utility lines and a small planting strip 232 00:20:05,320 --> 00:20:07,780 Ryan Klein: next to, you know, light poles and signs. 233 00:20:08,100 --> 00:20:12,080 Ryan Klein: And you got curbing and sidewalks surrounding it to where roots are being deflected. 234 00:20:12,299 --> 00:20:14,760 Ryan Klein: You know, this is not a good place for this tree to be planted. 235 00:20:15,440 --> 00:20:19,679 Ryan Klein: You know, maybe the utilities came after in the tree just happened to get butchered because 236 00:20:19,840 --> 00:20:20,820 Ryan Klein: they needed to run the lines. 237 00:20:21,340 --> 00:20:23,039 Ryan Klein: My guess is they probably planted the tree. 238 00:20:23,200 --> 00:20:24,000 Ryan Klein: Maybe it was a homeowner. 239 00:20:24,140 --> 00:20:25,039 Ryan Klein: Maybe it wasn't a municipality. 240 00:20:25,539 --> 00:20:27,840 Ryan Klein: Either way, we need to avoid situations like this. 241 00:20:28,639 --> 00:20:32,600 Ryan Klein: So we set ourselves up for failures when we plant in these small spaces. 242 00:20:33,460 --> 00:20:39,299 Ryan Klein: So, you know, unless we design a site that promotes future growth, you know, we have a lot of these issues. 243 00:20:39,740 --> 00:20:41,580 Ryan Klein: It's going to limit the wind resistance of trees. 244 00:20:42,100 --> 00:20:43,519 Ryan Klein: Structure plays into it too, sure. 245 00:20:44,299 --> 00:20:55,539 Ryan Klein: But designing sites to promote future survivability and in this case, you know, wind resistance is going to be in our best interest as far as getting those long-term benefits. 246 00:20:55,920 --> 00:21:01,220 Ryan Klein: So you can see there in the top left image, those roots were kind of confined between the sidewalk and the curb. 247 00:20:58,070 --> 00:20:58,179 Ryan Klein: Yeah. 248 00:21:02,060 --> 00:21:03,240 Ryan Klein: They weren't able to get out. 249 00:21:03,560 --> 00:21:06,240 Ryan Klein: Large trees, the loading from the wind hit it. 250 00:21:06,680 --> 00:21:07,860 Ryan Klein: See the same in the bottom there. 251 00:21:07,960 --> 00:21:09,280 Ryan Klein: And then the trees failed. 252 00:21:10,560 --> 00:21:14,620 Ryan Klein: So, again, it's about matching the species to the site. 253 00:21:15,160 --> 00:21:17,820 Ryan Klein: The other thing to keep in mind here, it's not always just the wind speed. 254 00:21:17,940 --> 00:21:22,000 Ryan Klein: It's usually a combination of the wind speed and then saturated soils. 255 00:21:22,510 --> 00:21:24,400 Ryan Klein: So you'll get root slippage in the soils. 256 00:21:24,590 --> 00:21:28,420 Ryan Klein: And then these trees come down when we have some sort of loading applied to it. 257 00:21:30,060 --> 00:21:35,720 Ryan Klein: So another issue that we see here with limited space, you know, again, it's poor design that 258 00:21:35,920 --> 00:21:37,460 Ryan Klein: doesn't account for growth at maturity. 259 00:21:38,659 --> 00:21:56,679 Ryan Klein: But, you know, the image on the left there, that looks great. You got a four inch tree and that four foot wide planting strip looks like it fits right. But as the tree grows, it's going to outgrow that space becomes a liability over time you can see in that picture there on the right there's a lifting sidewalk. 260 00:21:57,980 --> 00:22:01,760 Ryan Klein: You know, lawsuits occur because of situations like this. 261 00:22:02,360 --> 00:22:03,779 Ryan Klein: They come in, they replace the sidewalk. 262 00:22:04,139 --> 00:22:04,899 Ryan Klein: They end up cutting. 263 00:22:05,260 --> 00:22:08,460 Ryan Klein: In this case, you're going to cut off part of the trunk flare in order to get the forms 264 00:22:08,580 --> 00:22:10,260 Ryan Klein: in there to replace the sidewalk. 265 00:22:11,399 --> 00:22:12,460 Ryan Klein: Destabilizes the tree. 266 00:22:13,159 --> 00:22:13,559 Ryan Klein: Not ideal. 267 00:22:13,940 --> 00:22:18,320 Ryan Klein: So mature trees are going to have this zone of rapid taper where the buttress roots are 268 00:22:18,320 --> 00:22:20,679 Ryan Klein: going to transition to these ropey laterals. 269 00:22:21,740 --> 00:22:25,660 Ryan Klein: And essentially this can extend four feet past the visible trunk flare. 270 00:22:26,450 --> 00:22:31,300 Ryan Klein: So we want to have enough open space that's going to allow for the trunk flare and some of these ropey laterals. 271 00:22:31,640 --> 00:22:35,700 Ryan Klein: It's going to make sure that the tree is more stable and prevent some of these failures. 272 00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:35,920 Ryan Klein: years. 273 00:22:37,140 --> 00:22:43,560 Ryan Klein: So there's been some research on this that looks at trunk flare diameter in relation to DBH. 274 00:22:43,560 --> 00:22:50,940 Ryan Klein: So what they found is that there's this relationship where as trunk flare diameter increases, so does DBH. 275 00:22:52,020 --> 00:22:58,320 Ryan Klein: So planting recommendations have developed to avoid some of these sidewalk conflicts. 276 00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:06,279 Ryan Klein: So essentially you want to take trunk flare diameter plus four foot on each side, and that should be the size of the space for the tree at maturity. 277 00:23:07,799 --> 00:23:14,580 Ryan Klein: So another study looked at this perspective in relation to the street trees in Tampa, Florida. 278 00:23:15,639 --> 00:23:19,019 Ryan Klein: This was done by Dr. Koeser down here at University of Florida. 279 00:23:20,059 --> 00:23:26,299 Ryan Klein: And what he found was that for a mature live oak of 69 inches, you basically needed a 16 280 00:23:26,660 --> 00:23:27,740 Ryan Klein: foot wide planting strip. 281 00:23:28,799 --> 00:23:33,820 Ryan Klein: Laurel oak at about 54 inches, you needed 14 foot and crepe myrtles, eight inch crepe 282 00:23:33,919 --> 00:23:35,740 Ryan Klein: myrtle, you still need a three foot planting strip. 283 00:23:36,240 --> 00:23:39,100 Ryan Klein: I see crepe myrtles basically planted in cracks sometimes. 284 00:23:40,100 --> 00:23:43,419 Ryan Klein: They're alive, but you know, we can do better, I think is the message there. 285 00:23:44,240 --> 00:23:54,780 Ryan Klein: So, again, this is what we get when we don't allow for, you know, enough space for that trunk flare and those ropey laterals to establish and stabilize the tree. 286 00:23:55,780 --> 00:24:03,600 Ryan Klein: Wasted money, loss of benefits, cost to clean up can perpetuate negative stereotypes of trees associated with risk. 287 00:24:04,320 --> 00:24:09,039 Ryan Klein: Because public perception is big when we're talking about some of these urban plantings. 288 00:24:09,799 --> 00:24:15,299 Ryan Klein: So, you know, it's better for us to design these sites and the tree plantings prior. 289 00:24:16,940 --> 00:24:18,260 Ryan Klein: Unfortunately, that's not always the case. 290 00:24:18,470 --> 00:24:20,880 Ryan Klein: Sometimes we're planting in whatever space we have. 291 00:24:21,360 --> 00:24:26,559 Ryan Klein: uh available you know just to try and increase canopy cover things like that but if we do have 292 00:24:26,760 --> 00:24:33,020 Ryan Klein: the ability to plan on the front end things like structural soils suspended sidewalks uh 293 00:24:33,460 --> 00:24:38,900 Ryan Klein: Silva Cells, things like that, they're going to allow for more root growth and allow for more 294 00:24:39,120 --> 00:24:44,520 Ryan Klein: support for the tree to stabilize itself surface materials aren't going to get damaged in the process 295 00:24:44,860 --> 00:24:46,900 Ryan Klein: because the roots are going to stay below it 296 00:24:47,380 --> 00:24:55,380 Ryan Klein: And, you know, we can do better with some of these creative design solutions to increase the lifespans of the trees and then reduce some of those infrastructure conflicts. 297 00:24:55,950 --> 00:24:59,980 Ryan Klein: The picture in the bottom center there, that's from Austin, Texas. 298 00:25:00,210 --> 00:25:02,680 Ryan Klein: They do a really good job of these suspended sidewalks. 299 00:25:03,340 --> 00:25:07,380 Ryan Klein: And as the trunk increases in diameter, they just cut the hole around it bigger. 300 00:25:07,550 --> 00:25:14,200 Ryan Klein: But the actual, you know, soil level is probably about a foot or so below that suspended sidewalk. 301 00:25:14,500 --> 00:25:15,740 Ryan Klein: So just something that can be done. 302 00:25:16,370 --> 00:25:24,140 Ryan Klein: The problem usually with these creative design solutions, unfortunately, is they cost a lot more than just planting the tree in the existing hole. 303 00:25:24,919 --> 00:25:31,640 Ryan Klein: And not always is there the know-how in every community by the contractors doing the work to install some of this stuff. 304 00:25:31,820 --> 00:25:38,340 Ryan Klein: So I think we're still far enough out from seeing this across the board at all of our cities, but it is an option. 305 00:25:32,850 --> 00:25:32,980 Ryan Klein: Yeah. 306 00:25:39,559 --> 00:25:41,520 Ryan Klein: Tree spacing, another thing here. 307 00:25:41,530 --> 00:25:45,600 Ryan Klein: So trees planted further apart are going to develop larger, low-growing limbs. 308 00:25:46,280 --> 00:26:02,740 Ryan Klein: You know, when we go to get vertical clearance, that means we end up making large pruning cuts, there's a higher likelihood that we're going to introduce decay then into the main stem, you know, due to these urban trees having access to sunlight on all sides, that's how these large low growing limbs develop along with other defects. 309 00:26:03,120 --> 00:26:11,780 Ryan Klein: You know, maybe if we plant trees a little bit closer together, kind of like the European model, you know, maybe the management inputs will be a little bit less or more spaced out. 310 00:26:12,640 --> 00:26:14,539 Ryan Klein: You know, maybe we're not making as large a cuts. 311 00:26:15,400 --> 00:26:16,440 Ryan Klein: So just something to consider. 312 00:26:16,789 --> 00:26:20,340 Ryan Klein: It's going to give that closed canopy aesthetic a lot sooner. 313 00:26:20,590 --> 00:26:21,600 Ryan Klein: And then also... 314 00:26:21,840 --> 00:26:38,340 Ryan Klein: If you think to a forested area versus a tree standing alone in a park without any protection from itself, you're going to get a little bit of help from the neighboring trees to dampen the effects of the wind and potentially, you know, prevent them from failing in a future storm. 315 00:26:39,420 --> 00:26:45,580 Ryan Klein: You know, here's some examples of trees, you know, either planted individually, a strip. 316 00:26:46,380 --> 00:26:50,980 Ryan Klein: The images to the right there is more of that, you know, natural planting. 317 00:26:51,600 --> 00:26:56,180 Ryan Klein: Obviously, the bottom one there is a wooded area, but the top right one there, you got 318 00:26:56,280 --> 00:26:59,360 Ryan Klein: trees kind of closely planted together to where they can buffer one another. 319 00:27:00,899 --> 00:27:07,539 Ryan Klein: If you're interested in failure profiles, there was a study from 2007 by Duryea and 320 00:27:07,860 --> 00:27:16,120 Ryan Klein: company, and they assessed the damage of about nine or 10 hurricanes in the Florida area. 321 00:27:07,920 --> 00:27:08,040 Ryan Klein: Yeah. 322 00:27:16,720 --> 00:27:17,899 Ryan Klein: One was from Puerto Rico. 323 00:27:18,419 --> 00:27:23,480 Ryan Klein: And then they put together a survey that basically asked all these green industry professionals 324 00:27:23,779 --> 00:27:25,840 Ryan Klein: their perspectives of failure. 325 00:27:25,420 --> 00:27:29,260 Ryan Klein: basically whether or not species had a high likelihood of failure. 326 00:27:29,580 --> 00:27:36,260 Ryan Klein: And then they ranked them from high, medium to low based off of these observations from previous hurricanes. 327 00:27:37,060 --> 00:27:40,420 Ryan Klein: And then they came up with a list of a whole bunch of species. 328 00:27:41,679 --> 00:27:53,120 Ryan Klein: There was about 76 of them, some tropical, some subtropical, some coastal plains, but essentially ranked them as far as how good they were under extreme wind events. 329 00:27:53,299 --> 00:27:57,460 Ryan Klein: So if you're interested in that, Duryea et al., 2007. 330 00:27:58,500 --> 00:28:00,960 Ryan Klein: Another document that came out in 2023. 331 00:28:02,320 --> 00:28:06,580 Ryan Klein: It was a FEMA document by Koeser and Salisbury and a couple other folks. 332 00:28:07,200 --> 00:28:12,820 Ryan Klein: Basically, they did something similar, but their list pulled from tons of previous literature 333 00:28:10,919 --> 00:28:11,080 Ryan Klein: Yeah. 334 00:28:13,160 --> 00:28:16,460 Ryan Klein: that, you know, maybe it mentioned two or three species, maybe it mentioned 40. 335 00:28:16,640 --> 00:28:22,560 Ryan Klein: They compiled all this information together into one document and they had 281 species 336 00:28:22,640 --> 00:28:26,780 Ryan Klein: and they ranked them from lowest to highest as far as wind resistance. 337 00:28:27,600 --> 00:28:35,520 Ryan Klein: So you can just type in Koeser FEMA hurricane wind resistant trees and should pop up on Google. 338 00:28:37,640 --> 00:28:40,919 Ryan Klein: Another thing is, and I don't believe Georgia has it. 339 00:28:41,010 --> 00:28:42,160 Ryan Klein: If they do, I apologize. 340 00:28:42,429 --> 00:28:43,200 Ryan Klein: I missed it. 341 00:28:43,380 --> 00:28:50,520 Ryan Klein: But there's maybe four or five states throughout the U.S. that have some grading system for nursery stock. 342 00:28:50,820 --> 00:28:53,080 Ryan Klein: Florida has the nursery grading standards. 343 00:28:53,820 --> 00:29:05,540 Ryan Klein: And essentially, it just basically goes through four different grades of a tree from the highest quality being Florida fancy to the lowest quality being cull, which essentially means you put it on the burn pile. 344 00:29:06,340 --> 00:29:15,920 Ryan Klein: A lot of municipal codes have adapted or not adapted, adopted the grading system and recommend, you know, at least a Florida number one or higher. 345 00:29:17,140 --> 00:29:18,740 Ryan Klein: That's the second highest level. 346 00:29:19,460 --> 00:29:25,640 Ryan Klein: And essentially the grading system identifies different defects that could 347 00:29:25,720 --> 00:29:28,360 Ryan Klein: have some structural issues down the road, 348 00:29:28,490 --> 00:29:31,480 Ryan Klein: whether it be a large codominant stem up in the top half of the canopy, 349 00:29:31,840 --> 00:29:37,300 Ryan Klein: or whether it be a circling or girdling root down in the root system that could 350 00:29:37,520 --> 00:29:38,180 Ryan Klein: potentially, you know, 351 00:29:38,260 --> 00:29:42,660 Ryan Klein: lead to either a failure in the canopy or destabilizing the tree down the road. 352 00:29:43,270 --> 00:29:46,700 Ryan Klein: I actually have a master student who's wrapping up a project on the 353 00:29:46,799 --> 00:29:52,700 Ryan Klein: Grades and standards, quality of nursery stock, stuff like that, that hopefully we'll have published by the summer. 354 00:29:54,220 --> 00:29:55,799 Ryan Klein: So just some considerations. 355 00:29:56,149 --> 00:30:03,639 Ryan Klein: If you're a homeowner looking for a tree, whether you go to a nursery or a box store or wherever you're sourcing your plant material, or if you own a business. 356 00:30:04,900 --> 00:30:10,260 Ryan Klein: and you're ordering trees or your municipality and trees are being delivered to a development 357 00:30:10,350 --> 00:30:11,600 Ryan Klein: and you need to inspect them. 358 00:30:12,390 --> 00:30:18,140 Ryan Klein: You know, things to consider, production method, you know, size, planting, root ball dimensions, 359 00:30:18,580 --> 00:30:23,140 Ryan Klein: root defects, trunk and branch structure, all these different things to be cognizant of 360 00:30:23,860 --> 00:30:29,060 Ryan Klein: to ensure high quality tree before we even determine, you know, right tree, right place, 361 00:30:29,190 --> 00:30:30,820 Ryan Klein: site conditions, after care and all that. 362 00:30:31,240 --> 00:30:32,760 Ryan Klein: First step is the quality of the tree. 363 00:30:33,620 --> 00:30:51,659 Ryan Klein: When we are looking at site conditions, right tree, right place, I mentioned there's some online sites. I worked on a site called Florida Trees. It was formerly developed by Dr. Gilman back in the 90s. Site went offline probably five years ago. 364 00:30:52,160 --> 00:30:57,500 Ryan Klein: I was able to get a grant to bring it back online, but essentially it goes through proper 365 00:30:57,760 --> 00:31:03,640 Ryan Klein: plant selection for hardiness zones eight through 11, and it goes through site attributes above and 366 00:31:03,750 --> 00:31:08,039 Ryan Klein: below ground, all those things we talked about, tree characteristics, and then it's going to 367 00:31:08,600 --> 00:31:10,740 Ryan Klein: kick out a list of suitable species for the site. 368 00:31:11,840 --> 00:31:17,260 Ryan Klein: So in order for this site to function, there's this big thing that I liken to a spider web, 369 00:31:17,360 --> 00:31:23,580 Ryan Klein: but it has all these questions and rules and all these things that go into it in order 370 00:31:23,860 --> 00:31:28,500 Ryan Klein: to ensure that the species list it kicks out are going to be suitable for your site conditions. 371 00:31:29,120 --> 00:31:32,260 Ryan Klein: So you can go through this question answer process. 372 00:31:32,880 --> 00:31:37,160 Ryan Klein: I kind of think of it as if anybody remembers those books that, 373 00:31:36,720 --> 00:31:39,799 Ryan Klein: I was a kid in the late 80s, early 90s. 374 00:31:39,799 --> 00:31:42,220 Ryan Klein: They were the kind of choose your own adventure books you'd read. 375 00:31:42,360 --> 00:31:43,860 Ryan Klein: And then it would tell you to go to page 39. 376 00:31:45,260 --> 00:31:47,159 Ryan Klein: Oh, you fell off a cliff, start over, whatever. 377 00:31:47,720 --> 00:31:52,240 Ryan Klein: It's kind of like that situation, except with identifying trees for your planting space. 378 00:31:53,080 --> 00:31:59,740 Ryan Klein: If you want to do the more less involved process, because the process where you go through and 379 00:31:59,980 --> 00:32:02,639 Ryan Klein: answer the questions, which we call the expert system. 380 00:32:03,780 --> 00:32:07,160 Ryan Klein: It could be about 30, 35 questions to get through it. 381 00:32:07,720 --> 00:32:11,420 Ryan Klein: If you want to go the maybe more basic one where you just check a whole bunch of boxes 382 00:32:11,740 --> 00:32:14,380 Ryan Klein: that are relevant to your site, you can do that as well. 383 00:32:14,410 --> 00:32:18,720 Ryan Klein: And there's a screenshot of what one of those variables, that's the environment variable 384 00:32:18,960 --> 00:32:19,920 Ryan Klein: looks like up there. 385 00:32:21,460 --> 00:32:26,539 Ryan Klein: All this information stems from about 1,100 tree species fact sheets. 386 00:32:27,029 --> 00:32:30,679 Ryan Klein: I don't know if anybody's familiar with the EDIS fact sheets from the University of Florida, 387 00:32:31,320 --> 00:32:35,720 Ryan Klein: but all that information is then piped into the tree selector. 388 00:32:35,750 --> 00:32:42,000 Ryan Klein: And actually, the tree selector is what generated those fact sheets in the first place about 20 years ago. 389 00:32:42,190 --> 00:32:48,139 Ryan Klein: And then now I help to update them and keep them relevant when any of the information changes. 390 00:32:49,299 --> 00:33:04,740 Ryan Klein: So here's an example of one of those species fact sheets looks like, you know, it's got everything on there from general information about the tree, you know, hardiness zone uses, you know, attributes like foliage, flowers, pest issues, management, all that good stuff. 391 00:33:05,760 --> 00:33:21,840 Ryan Klein: So, you know, as far as the value of the site contains lots of different educational materials outside of even the selector. So you got the fact sheets, there's a site analysis form on there. There's links to other websites, there's a tree ID function on there. 392 00:33:22,900 --> 00:33:38,200 Ryan Klein: Then, you know, a lot of this stuff, like I said, is going to be specific to the southeast hardiness zones 8 through 11, but it touches on, you know, urban conditions and whether trees are suitable. Websites very easy to use. We have it as mobile friendly now. 393 00:33:39,200 --> 00:33:41,200 Ryan Klein: but it gets at that right tree, right place. 394 00:33:41,970 --> 00:33:47,920 Ryan Klein: And we just got a grant from the dean's office here at the university and my college to do 395 00:33:47,970 --> 00:33:52,100 Ryan Klein: some stuff that is potentially going to add to this, hopefully in the next couple of years, 396 00:33:52,170 --> 00:33:55,220 Ryan Klein: as well as do some other AI related projects. 397 00:33:55,430 --> 00:33:57,100 Ryan Klein: But this is one component of that. 398 00:33:57,260 --> 00:33:59,200 Ryan Klein: So hopefully we're going to add to this here shortly. 399 00:34:00,039 --> 00:34:05,940 Ryan Klein: The other thing is, you know, from a best practices standpoint, ensuring that we're following proper planting procedures. 400 00:34:06,260 --> 00:34:10,500 Ryan Klein: So this is the ISA's best management practices for tree planting. 401 00:34:12,379 --> 00:34:24,000 Ryan Klein: But essentially, you know, following this is going to ensure that your planting is hopefully successful, assuming you have high quality nursery stock, assuming, you know, you planted the tree in the right place, all those good things. 402 00:34:24,679 --> 00:34:29,359 Ryan Klein: So I mentioned right tree, right place. You know, this can impact the survivability of the tree long term. 403 00:34:30,539 --> 00:34:34,039 Ryan Klein: You know, one of the first things to consider is what type of plant material are you planting? 404 00:34:34,779 --> 00:34:37,099 Ryan Klein: You know, are you wanting something bare root and small? 405 00:34:37,720 --> 00:34:41,859 Ryan Klein: You know, these are going to be field grown, dug without soil, typically B and B. 406 00:34:42,319 --> 00:34:44,359 Ryan Klein: These are harvested from the field. 407 00:34:45,160 --> 00:34:50,900 Ryan Klein: the ball spaded out wrapped in burlap these are going to be larger trees usually it's important 408 00:34:51,140 --> 00:34:57,260 Ryan Klein: to consider things like timing the dig timing the planting and then uh container grown trees these 409 00:34:54,279 --> 00:34:54,379 Ryan Klein: Yeah. 410 00:34:57,400 --> 00:35:03,280 Ryan Klein: are uh very common down here in the southeast um you know plastic boxes larger trees are going to 411 00:35:03,310 --> 00:35:09,280 Ryan Klein: or plastic containers larger trees are going to be in wooden boxes um biggest thing is uh making sure 412 00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:10,800 Ryan Klein: that the uh 413 00:35:11,200 --> 00:35:15,800 Ryan Klein: container is an appropriate size for the above-ground portion of the tree and 414 00:35:16,430 --> 00:35:21,100 Ryan Klein: then also when you take the containers off the tree make sure you're addressing 415 00:35:21,190 --> 00:35:26,000 Ryan Klein: any sort of root defects and I'll touch on that here in a second. So planting you 416 00:35:26,480 --> 00:35:30,660 Ryan Klein: want to make sure there's adequate drainage you don't want the hole filling 417 00:35:30,880 --> 00:35:34,060 Ryan Klein: up and water just sitting in there creating some sort of anaerobic 418 00:35:34,380 --> 00:35:36,800 Ryan Klein: conditions so you might have to improve the drainage 419 00:35:37,160 --> 00:35:41,920 Ryan Klein: whether it be adding a drainage tile, whatever, depends on the soil type. 420 00:35:42,840 --> 00:35:46,440 Ryan Klein: And then the width of the hole, if you have high quality soil, 421 00:35:46,550 --> 00:35:49,840 Ryan Klein: you really only need to dig it about the same size as the root ball. 422 00:35:50,560 --> 00:35:55,320 Ryan Klein: If you got poor quality soil, you might want to dig it twice the size of the root ball. 423 00:35:56,220 --> 00:36:01,000 Ryan Klein: that's going to allow the roots to establish into the surrounding landscape a little bit quicker. 424 00:36:01,550 --> 00:36:06,200 Ryan Klein: And as far as depth, you want to plant the root ball a couple inches above grade, 425 00:36:06,290 --> 00:36:11,140 Ryan Klein: whether it be container grown or field dug, the ball's going to settle over time. 426 00:36:11,720 --> 00:36:16,660 Ryan Klein: especially with container-grown trees due to the substrate being different than the native soil. 427 00:36:17,750 --> 00:36:22,620 Ryan Klein: So just plant it a little bit high. And the other thing is here, you want to make sure that if you 428 00:36:22,680 --> 00:36:28,280 Ryan Klein: have any excess soil that's on top of the trunk flare, that needs to be removed away. Otherwise, 429 00:36:29,120 --> 00:36:30,740 Ryan Klein: circling, girdling roots can occur. 430 00:36:31,819 --> 00:36:57,400 Ryan Klein: So you can see here in the left image, that's the trunk flare. You want that to be at or slightly above soil grade. And then same with the image on the right there. You can see that there's that excess soil that needs to be removed, cut that circling root at planting, and that'll help the tree down the road not have any stability issues or health issues because it's getting girdled by the root. 431 00:36:58,000 --> 00:37:10,540 Ryan Klein: So here's just a complete mess you can see on the left there. You got circling roots, diving roots, kinked roots, overlapping roots, just the whole slew of things. So when we pull that container off, you know, this is something we need to be aware of. 432 00:37:11,740 --> 00:37:17,880 Ryan Klein: You can get imprints from containers. So if a grower leaves it in the container too long, you can see there on the left of circling roots. 433 00:37:18,839 --> 00:37:23,300 Ryan Klein: if i was to guess from this image you know that's probably a three gallon five gallon container 434 00:37:24,020 --> 00:37:30,160 Ryan Klein: um it was planted up into maybe a 30 or 45 at some point but those root defects from being left 435 00:37:30,190 --> 00:37:35,680 Ryan Klein: in that container were not addressed prior to upping it to a larger container and they're 436 00:37:35,710 --> 00:37:39,900 Ryan Klein: always going to be there they're just going to keep growing larger same with the one on the bottom 437 00:37:40,040 --> 00:37:43,720 Ryan Klein: right there there were some girdling roots because there was soil piled up on the trunk flare 438 00:37:44,339 --> 00:37:47,260 Ryan Klein: and they don't go away unless we mitigate them 439 00:37:47,520 --> 00:37:57,560 Ryan Klein: So what you have is you have trees that, you know, if you have a girdling root, you have trees that could die four or five years out and you pull the soil back, the mulch back, and you see that the tree's getting choked out. 440 00:37:58,200 --> 00:38:00,500 Ryan Klein: So again, these are things we want to address at planting. 441 00:38:01,200 --> 00:38:05,080 Ryan Klein: As far as soil goes, some people like to add amendments, stuff like that. 442 00:38:05,210 --> 00:38:09,600 Ryan Klein: If the tree's not going to survive in the soil at the... 443 00:38:09,640 --> 00:38:14,180 Ryan Klein: site, the existing landscape soil. It's probably not the right tree for the right place. We're 444 00:38:14,200 --> 00:38:19,840 Ryan Klein: doing some work right now with biochar, compost amendments, combinations of those. Hopefully 445 00:38:19,940 --> 00:38:25,100 Ryan Klein: have that published in the summer as well. Another thing just to be cognizant of, certain 446 00:38:25,220 --> 00:38:30,560 Ryan Klein: soil types, especially more heavily clayed soils, glazing, drying, things like that. That's 447 00:38:30,680 --> 00:38:36,600 Ryan Klein: from digging in the ground. If this does happen, just kind of break it up with the rake or the 448 00:38:36,720 --> 00:38:44,180 Ryan Klein: um any uh synthetic materials so synthetic burlap plastic twine anything like that make 449 00:38:44,260 --> 00:38:48,280 Ryan Klein: sure you remove it because just like those circling roots uh it can girdle the trunk of the tree 450 00:38:49,380 --> 00:38:55,920 Ryan Klein: and uh cause it to die uh prematurely when we do have root defects due to trees 451 00:38:56,160 --> 00:38:58,600 Ryan Klein: staying in a container for too long 452 00:38:59,020 --> 00:39:03,260 Ryan Klein: It's real easy just to take a very sharp spade, 453 00:39:03,550 --> 00:39:04,800 Ryan Klein: a handsaw, something like that, 454 00:39:04,830 --> 00:39:07,100 Ryan Klein: and just trim the outside of the root ball, 455 00:39:07,300 --> 00:39:09,600 Ryan Klein: take off a couple inches on the outside and on the bottom. 456 00:39:10,240 --> 00:39:10,760 Ryan Klein: Be good to go. 457 00:39:10,920 --> 00:39:14,800 Ryan Klein: It's going to capture most of those defects enough to at least... 458 00:39:14,980 --> 00:39:17,300 Ryan Klein: get the majority of those roots out in the surrounding landscape. 459 00:39:18,180 --> 00:39:20,180 Ryan Klein: Alternatively, you can do radial slices. 460 00:39:20,700 --> 00:39:25,080 Ryan Klein: One thing with that, though, is you might catch a defect at a point where it's still 461 00:39:25,380 --> 00:39:26,500 Ryan Klein: continuing to grow in a circle. 462 00:39:27,160 --> 00:39:29,880 Ryan Klein: It's going to put on growth and then continue that process. 463 00:39:30,240 --> 00:39:35,180 Ryan Klein: So shaving is a little bit better from what we found with some of our research and some 464 00:39:35,290 --> 00:39:37,660 Ryan Klein: other researchers have found something similar. 465 00:39:37,860 --> 00:39:39,720 Ryan Klein: But slicing is better than doing nothing. 466 00:39:41,520 --> 00:39:59,099 Ryan Klein: All right. And then, you know, when you are ready to plant, making sure the holes adequate size, stabilizing the tree, backfilling, not compacting the soil, you can lightly tamp it, you know, breaking up any clumps, things like that, creating a soil ring around the soil. 467 00:39:59,140 --> 00:40:04,940 Ryan Klein: the root ball so then when it does rain or you irrigate that moisture stays over top of the root 468 00:40:05,080 --> 00:40:10,820 Ryan Klein: ball and then don't place any additional soil on the trunk flare after you've already taken it off 469 00:40:10,940 --> 00:40:16,320 Ryan Klein: so you know make sure that planted high and all that excess soil is off 470 00:40:16,880 --> 00:40:37,480 Ryan Klein: Same goes with mulch. We don't want to pile it on too thick, you know, two to three inches of some organic mulch, six to eight foot diameter ring around the tree. It's going to help prevent any sort of mechanical energy, mechanical injury, keep the weeds down, keep soil temperatures, you know, a little bit lower. And this is especially important when we have high temperatures, you know, little rain, things like that. 471 00:40:38,080 --> 00:40:39,880 Ryan Klein: But don't pile it up on the trunk. 472 00:40:40,120 --> 00:40:46,520 Ryan Klein: Again, volcano mulching can also result in root defects as they break down in the soil. 473 00:40:47,880 --> 00:40:51,860 Ryan Klein: Should have minimal pruning at planting, assuming you start with high quality tree. 474 00:40:52,080 --> 00:40:56,220 Ryan Klein: But if you do need to make a snip here or there, now's the time to do it because you 475 00:40:56,220 --> 00:40:57,520 Ryan Klein: don't know when you might be back. 476 00:40:57,630 --> 00:40:59,640 Ryan Klein: If you're the person planting, maybe it's never. 477 00:41:00,060 --> 00:41:02,960 Ryan Klein: If you're the homeowner, obviously you could make some snips over time. 478 00:41:03,700 --> 00:41:28,079 Ryan Klein: So on the left here, this is a high quality tree. You got a nice dominant central leader. The one on the right, you got lots of co-dominant stems competing from low in the canopy. This is a recipe for potential failures in the future. So the way I like to think of it with structural pruning is we're constantly chasing those defects up higher in the canopy. The single stem is going to be more resilient when we have some sort of storm. 479 00:41:28,720 --> 00:41:46,240 Ryan Klein: You know, it's about identifying that dominant leader, also identifying the lowest branches in the permanent canopy. So, you know, at some point, urban trees, we need to get clearance, whether it be for the lawnmower, sidewalks, you know, passing vehicles, things like that, spacing out scaffolding branches. 480 00:41:48,260 --> 00:41:50,800 Ryan Klein: and reducing competition with that central leader. 481 00:41:51,200 --> 00:41:55,180 Ryan Klein: So it could be as easy as making, you know, a couple of small half-inch cuts, 482 00:41:55,260 --> 00:41:59,380 Ryan Klein: and that'll set the tree up for, you know, a decent structure for the next two to three years. 483 00:41:59,960 --> 00:42:01,700 Ryan Klein: And then also eliminating things like clusters. 484 00:42:02,400 --> 00:42:06,780 Ryan Klein: When you do that, you know, you're going to promote better connections with the branch tissue. 485 00:42:07,820 --> 00:42:17,740 Ryan Klein: So here's just an example of, could be as simple as three or four cuts in order to achieve the objective of reducing some of that competition, spacing branches, things like that. 486 00:42:18,280 --> 00:42:22,440 Ryan Klein: We're talking about vertical clearance, again, identifying what the permanent canopy is. 487 00:42:22,520 --> 00:42:25,600 Ryan Klein: When you're planting a 45-gallon tree, odds are... 488 00:42:25,880 --> 00:42:28,000 Ryan Klein: all of the branches on that tree are temporary. 489 00:42:28,560 --> 00:42:32,200 Ryan Klein: You know, knowing that as a tree manager, you know, maybe we reduce some of them over time. 490 00:42:33,120 --> 00:42:36,300 Ryan Klein: We remove them kind of systematically every couple of years. 491 00:42:36,500 --> 00:42:41,960 Ryan Klein: Just things like that where we don't have those large, low-growing limbs that end up resulting in a large pruning wound later. 492 00:42:42,740 --> 00:43:03,240 Ryan Klein: So the tree on the left, you know, several years there without pruning, it's just going to keep growing. It was on the right there at planting and you'll see those defects, those small co-doms that were on the right are now large co-doms on the left. And like I said, it could be as easy as just making one cut. So you cut the co-dom and the tree's set up for a couple more years before you need to address it. 493 00:43:03,840 --> 00:43:07,920 Ryan Klein: Here was some trees we structurally pruned for one of my master's students' projects. 494 00:43:08,640 --> 00:43:12,440 Ryan Klein: And you can see the big takeaway here is it doesn't have to be a massive pile of debris. 495 00:43:13,320 --> 00:43:15,180 Ryan Klein: So this was a year and a half after planting. 496 00:43:15,680 --> 00:43:17,500 Ryan Klein: Pile of debris there is relatively small. 497 00:43:17,940 --> 00:43:24,200 Ryan Klein: You know, the dynamic between the size of the debris pile and whether or not a person feels like they got value is kind of... 498 00:43:24,339 --> 00:43:32,119 Ryan Klein: upside down. A lot of times I talk to people and they say, "Hey, there wasn't a massive pile out in my yard after the arborist came and did his work." 499 00:43:32,119 --> 00:43:47,500 Ryan Klein: Well, that doesn't necessarily mean that the tree wasn't properly pruned. A lot of times, a smaller pile is proper pruning and that massive pile, they over pruned it or took larger cuts than they needed to or took too much off in the wrong locations. 500 00:43:48,040 --> 00:43:52,820 Ryan Klein: Another example, small pile, handful of cuts made to bring that back to a good structure. 501 00:43:53,760 --> 00:44:03,380 Ryan Klein: At planting, if you do need to have any support systems, staking, guying, bracing, just don't forget to remove those after because it could girdle the tree and be problematic down the road. 502 00:44:03,900 --> 00:44:06,180 Ryan Klein: Same goes with guards, wraps, things like that. 503 00:44:06,720 --> 00:44:08,319 Ryan Klein: There's several examples of this online. 504 00:44:08,539 --> 00:44:17,720 Ryan Klein: You can type in planting diagram, but it just basically goes through all the things we've talked about, you know, to ensure that you've properly planted the tree. 505 00:44:19,440 --> 00:44:23,720 Ryan Klein: The other thing is during the establishment period, water is usually the most limiting factor. 506 00:44:23,920 --> 00:44:29,080 Ryan Klein: So water stress can kill trees or prevent it from establishing, things like that. 507 00:44:29,180 --> 00:44:34,920 Ryan Klein: So just making sure that the trees are getting irrigated properly, avoiding compacted soils. 508 00:44:35,020 --> 00:44:38,460 Ryan Klein: You don't want to drive over the root zone in the area where you just planted a tree. 509 00:44:39,320 --> 00:44:41,720 Ryan Klein: It could inhibit development, things like that. 510 00:44:42,420 --> 00:44:45,640 Ryan Klein: So there's some guidance, at least with grades and standards. 511 00:44:45,780 --> 00:44:50,160 Ryan Klein: I know there's some other recommendations that are more state specific, but for the 512 00:44:50,400 --> 00:44:54,620 Ryan Klein: southeast here, depending on where you're located in the state, it gives recommendations 513 00:44:55,380 --> 00:44:59,620 Ryan Klein: for how much irrigation throughout the establishment period, how long the establishment period 514 00:44:59,800 --> 00:45:02,580 Ryan Klein: is based off of your location, things like that. 515 00:45:02,820 --> 00:45:06,740 Ryan Klein: So just, you know, looking into different guidance on that to ensure that the tree properly 516 00:45:07,000 --> 00:45:07,520 Ryan Klein: establishes. 517 00:45:07,940 --> 00:45:11,220 Ryan Klein: maintenance. So aside from watering, fertilization, 518 00:45:12,040 --> 00:45:15,540 Ryan Klein: antitranspirants if needed, pest, disease, pruning, 519 00:45:15,650 --> 00:45:16,920 Ryan Klein: all those things we need to consider. 520 00:45:18,820 --> 00:45:20,520 Ryan Klein: All right. So when we're talking about mature trees, 521 00:45:20,530 --> 00:45:23,040 Ryan Klein: we just talked about newly planted trees, mature trees. 522 00:45:23,300 --> 00:45:25,859 Ryan Klein: Hopefully the structures, you know, already in good shape. 523 00:45:26,220 --> 00:45:28,960 Ryan Klein: A lot of times you show up to a tree and it's a nightmare. 524 00:45:29,680 --> 00:45:33,079 Ryan Klein: Not much you can do with mature trees other than manage loading. 525 00:45:34,200 --> 00:45:35,900 Ryan Klein: So loading to reduce failure. 526 00:45:36,420 --> 00:45:40,299 Ryan Klein: So a lot of times with mature trees, maybe a little bit of structure, but it's mostly 527 00:45:41,220 --> 00:45:42,859 Ryan Klein: clearance, appearance, risk reduction. 528 00:45:43,920 --> 00:45:47,859 Ryan Klein: So when a tree is mature, it's mostly heartwood at that point, where when it's younger, it's 529 00:45:47,980 --> 00:45:50,920 Ryan Klein: mostly sapwood, dynamic, and can respond to adversity. 530 00:45:51,299 --> 00:45:55,319 Ryan Klein: But when we're talking about large trees, we really want to avoid those large pruning 531 00:45:55,539 --> 00:45:55,640 Ryan Klein: cuts. 532 00:45:56,200 --> 00:46:06,940 Ryan Klein: So, you know, throughout the life of the tree, you got the growth phase, the maintenance phase, the death phase when there's natural retrenchment or we're helping to make the canopies more compact to reduce failures. 533 00:46:08,480 --> 00:46:12,680 Ryan Klein: Most of the work that we're doing on mature trees is going to be on that exterior of the canopy. 534 00:46:12,869 --> 00:46:14,520 Ryan Klein: We don't want to be making those large cuts. 535 00:46:14,720 --> 00:46:20,160 Ryan Klein: So out there, you know, four to five, maybe three would be where we're making some of those cuts. 536 00:46:21,060 --> 00:46:22,720 Ryan Klein: We want to eliminate any defects. 537 00:46:22,849 --> 00:46:24,460 Ryan Klein: So here's a bark inclusion that failed. 538 00:46:24,930 --> 00:46:29,119 Ryan Klein: You can see there's no connective tissue in that center picture there where that black 539 00:46:29,369 --> 00:46:29,880 Ryan Klein: area is. 540 00:46:29,970 --> 00:46:32,119 Ryan Klein: It was just two stems rubbing up against each other. 541 00:46:32,760 --> 00:46:36,380 Ryan Klein: This could have been taken care of when the tree was a lot younger just by making some 542 00:46:36,540 --> 00:46:39,540 Ryan Klein: smaller cuts, pushing growth up into the other side of the tree. 543 00:46:40,060 --> 00:46:44,859 Ryan Klein: Here's a great example of, I think this was over in Amsterdam where nice dominant leader, 544 00:46:45,339 --> 00:46:47,540 Ryan Klein: they're very proactive with their structural pruning. 545 00:46:48,300 --> 00:47:03,740 Ryan Klein: So similar to planting, you know, following the BMPs, ANSI A300 pruning standards is going to be your best friend as far as guidance there. Also down in Florida, we have a prescription pruning qualification. I'm one of the instructors for it's a two and a half day course. 546 00:47:04,420 --> 00:47:08,900 Ryan Klein: And we go through things like conditions of concern, objectives, pruning branches, limitations. 547 00:47:09,440 --> 00:47:15,839 Ryan Klein: It's all about making sure that the person that's prescribing the work and the person that is doing the work are on the same page. 548 00:47:15,940 --> 00:47:22,260 Ryan Klein: And then when the person that sold the work shows up, looks at the tree, the pruning was done as they envisioned it. 549 00:47:22,480 --> 00:47:26,700 Ryan Klein: So it's a common language that can be used to make sure that proper pruning is achieved. 550 00:47:27,420 --> 00:47:32,119 Ryan Klein: Lots of different factors we talked about here that can impact, you know, the success 551 00:47:32,400 --> 00:47:36,980 Ryan Klein: and survivability of urban trees from the quality of nursery stock, site conditions, 552 00:47:37,980 --> 00:47:41,180 Ryan Klein: aftercare, you know, big thing is that right tree, right place. 553 00:47:41,460 --> 00:47:46,560 Ryan Klein: We can, you know, on the front end with planning, creative design solutions, all that stuff, 554 00:47:47,000 --> 00:47:49,460 Ryan Klein: you know, make sites that are more conducive for future growth. 555 00:47:49,880 --> 00:47:57,180 Ryan Klein: We also want to factor in the management aspect, you know, proactive maintenance, not just, you 556 00:47:56,140 --> 00:48:00,720 Ryan Klein: when there's a failure, not just when that hurricane's a week out, "Hey, I need to prune my tree." 557 00:48:00,960 --> 00:48:03,280 Ryan Klein: Being proactive with it's in the best interest of the tree. 558 00:48:04,100 --> 00:48:08,520 Ryan Klein: So I have two minutes here, and I'm just going to say a couple quick things on the current research. 559 00:48:09,040 --> 00:48:13,580 Ryan Klein: This is that study on the grades and standards. Just one thing to point out, root defects were all over the place. 560 00:48:13,740 --> 00:48:19,060 Ryan Klein: We randomly selected seven growers throughout the state of Florida that had 15-gallon live oaks, 561 00:48:19,260 --> 00:48:21,820 Ryan Klein: common species, common size that the homeowner can take home. 562 00:48:22,320 --> 00:48:26,680 Ryan Klein: but what you notice here is the size of these trees was all over the place we had trees as 563 00:48:26,800 --> 00:48:34,320 Ryan Klein: tall as almost 14 foot as short as just under five foot and uh for grades and standards i think it's 564 00:48:34,420 --> 00:48:39,620 Ryan Klein: about seven to eight foot is common for a 15 gallon tree um inch and a half caliper and these 565 00:48:39,840 --> 00:48:44,900 Ryan Klein: range anywhere from under an inch up to three inches and you can see the root defects were a 566 00:48:45,260 --> 00:48:49,760 Ryan Klein: Uh, here's some of the other stuff we're working on, you know, biochar, how spacing impacts 567 00:48:50,160 --> 00:48:53,200 Ryan Klein: management, got multiple irrigation studies right now. 568 00:48:53,390 --> 00:48:58,760 Ryan Klein: We're doing some large tree moving studies, pruning studies, survival performance, tons 569 00:48:58,829 --> 00:48:59,420 Ryan Klein: of different things. 570 00:48:59,920 --> 00:49:05,059 Ryan Klein: So sorry, I took it to the, uh, the final minute, but, uh, thank you for your time. 571 00:49:05,329 --> 00:49:09,220 Ryan Klein: I don't want to, uh, interrupt with the other speaker, but if you do have any questions, 572 00:49:09,799 --> 00:49:11,339 Ryan Klein: please send them my way in email. 573 00:49:11,730 --> 00:49:12,359 Ryan Klein: Happy to answer them. 574 00:49:13,440 --> 00:49:19,220 Bodie Pennisi: Thank you, Ryan. Yes, that was lots of really, really excellent information. 575 00:49:20,270 --> 00:49:25,880 Bodie Pennisi: We have a comment that came in really early, and I just want to share and read so you can see it. 576 00:49:26,140 --> 00:49:30,560 Bodie Pennisi: Norma, thank you so much for covering the planting of trees and sidewalk areas. 577 00:49:31,339 --> 00:49:36,760 Bodie Pennisi: I've been complaining about this for years. Hopefully, the architects will stop calling for them in areas. 578 00:49:36,820 --> 00:49:39,040 Bodie Pennisi: that are too small to accommodate them. 579 00:49:39,660 --> 00:49:41,060 Bodie Pennisi: And I think we all can agree 580 00:49:41,220 --> 00:49:43,300 Bodie Pennisi: that this is a perpetual problem 581 00:49:43,700 --> 00:49:44,960 Bodie Pennisi: that we're seeing across. 582 00:49:45,400 --> 00:49:47,100 Bodie Pennisi: It almost doesn't matter where you are. 583 00:49:47,260 --> 00:49:49,160 Bodie Pennisi: You're seeing these kind of problems. 584 00:49:50,020 --> 00:49:51,680 Ryan Klein: Yeah, and unfortunately, just to that point, 585 00:49:51,900 --> 00:49:53,260 Ryan Klein: the University of Florida 586 00:49:53,300 --> 00:49:54,500 Ryan Klein: and I know a couple other universities 587 00:49:54,820 --> 00:49:57,160 Ryan Klein: do not require my class 588 00:49:57,560 --> 00:50:00,720 Ryan Klein: or any urban forestry, dendrology, 589 00:50:00,900 --> 00:50:03,560 Ryan Klein: anything like that for their curriculum. 590 00:50:03,700 --> 00:50:05,700 Ryan Klein: So it's kind of unfortunate that 591 00:50:05,720 --> 00:50:12,359 Ryan Klein: certain fields are out there doing tree related designs and they might not have had that background 592 00:50:12,720 --> 00:50:19,339 Bodie Pennisi: totally agree with you i i um coming from uf you know you and from environmental horticulture 593 00:50:19,560 --> 00:50:24,680 Bodie Pennisi: department you guys have a whole lot more focused things that you can offer to your 594 00:50:24,700 --> 00:50:26,760 Bodie Pennisi: students and at UGA 595 00:50:27,040 --> 00:50:28,680 Bodie Pennisi: we're the Department of Horticulture so our 596 00:50:28,880 --> 00:50:30,760 Bodie Pennisi: students don't really have 597 00:50:30,900 --> 00:50:32,480 Bodie Pennisi: that kind of specializations that 598 00:50:32,660 --> 00:50:34,800 Bodie Pennisi: you guys have and it's kind of disappointing to hear 599 00:50:34,920 --> 00:50:36,760 Bodie Pennisi: that even at your place you don't 600 00:50:36,839 --> 00:50:38,300 Bodie Pennisi: have that kind of way to 601 00:50:38,780 --> 00:50:40,640 Bodie Pennisi: get them to take some required courses 602 00:50:40,800 --> 00:50:45,300 Ryan Klein: so. Well and just so you know because I saw you came from environmental horticulture we are no 603 00:50:45,400 --> 00:50:52,300 Bodie Pennisi: more as of the first of the year so. I wasn't going to say it. I'm in forestry now. Well makes 604 00:50:52,460 --> 00:50:58,280 Bodie Pennisi: sense. We're really looking forward to your research. I have been you know reading some of it 605 00:50:58,760 --> 00:51:04,560 Bodie Pennisi: in the past few years and you know sounds like a good reason to call you again and 606 00:51:05,040 --> 00:51:09,300 Bodie Pennisi: get you to share some more especially about the biochar. That's one area that I think 607 00:51:09,320 --> 00:51:10,600 Bodie Pennisi: has a lot of potential. 608 00:51:11,000 --> 00:51:13,840 Ryan Klein: Yeah, and that study will finish here in the next month 609 00:51:13,850 --> 00:51:16,020 Ryan Klein: and then the deliverables will be the next couple of months. 610 00:51:16,030 --> 00:51:17,460 Ryan Klein: So I should have a talk by summer. 611 00:51:18,140 --> 00:51:18,340 Bodie Pennisi: Great. 612 00:51:18,700 --> 00:51:18,960 Bodie Pennisi: All right. 613 00:51:19,140 --> 00:51:19,940 Bodie Pennisi: Well, we'll put you down. 614 00:51:20,540 --> 00:51:20,900 Ryan Klein: All right. 615 00:51:21,600 --> 00:51:22,080 Bodie Pennisi: Appreciate it. 616 00:51:22,080 --> 00:51:23,500 Bodie Pennisi: I don't see any other questions. 617 00:51:23,800 --> 00:51:25,120 Bodie Pennisi: So thank you again so much. 618 00:51:25,640 --> 00:51:26,980 Bodie Pennisi: And we're off for the first break. 619 00:51:27,680 --> 00:51:28,100 Bodie Pennisi: Absolutely. 620 00:51:28,800 --> 00:51:29,160 Ryan Klein: Take care. 621 00:51:30,040 --> 00:51:30,420 Bodie Pennisi: Thank you.