Dr. Ignazio Graziosi — January 15, 2026
Source: Corrected SRT transcript (Stage 1) + Archive Package (Stage 2)
Exercises: 3
Total pairs: 26 (8 + 8 + 10)
Matching Exercise 1: Pest Ecology and Interaction Scenarios
Timestamp Reference: 7:22 – 42:25 (spans all three case studies)
Type: Species ID / Ecological Scenario
Instructions: Match each pest in Column A with the correct ecological description from Column B. Two items in Column B are distractors and will not be used.
| # | Column A | Column B | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Emerald ash borer (EAB) | a) Non-native pest attacking non-native host; overlapping generations complicate control; trunk injection ineffective | |
| 2 | Crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS) | b) Native pest of native trees; clonal urban plantings increase vulnerability; late-season damage less harmful | |
| 3 | Orange-striped oakworm moth | c) Non-native pest attacking native host; co-evolved natural enemies in Asia keep populations low; firewood spread primary pathway | |
| 4 | EAB parasitoid wasps (from Asia) | d) Generalist predators that arrive late in season; do not maintain sustained populations on host trees | |
| 5 | Lady beetles (twice-stabbed, bigeminal, Harlequin) | e) Specialist biological control agents introduced by USDA; attack only their target pest; two species target larvae, one targets eggs | |
| 6 | Green lacewing | f) Non-native pest of native pines; larvae create pitch tubes on trunk | |
| 7 | White fringetree | g) Commercially available predator of CMBS; larvae are the most voracious stage; adults need sugar to feed; requires multiple releases per season | |
| 8 | Blue ash | h) Alternate host in family Oleaceae; serves as population reservoir for EAB even after ash trees are gone | |
| i) Native ash species showing some resistance to EAB; will die eventually but takes much longer than other ash species | |||
| j) Native parasitoid that specializes exclusively on CMBS in North America |
Answer Key:
1 → c, 2 → a, 3 → b, 4 → e, 5 → d, 6 → g, 7 → h, 8 → i
Distractors: f (no pine pest discussed), j (Dr. Graziosi stated no effective specialist parasitoid for CMBS has been found in the US)
Source in transcript: EAB section ~7:22–29:40; CMBS section ~29:42–42:25; Oakworm section ~42:25–49:19
Matching Exercise 2: Control Methods by Pest
Timestamp Reference: 22:34 – 49:05 (control discussions across all three case studies)
Type: Timing-Practice
Instructions: Match each control method or strategy in Column A with the correct pest and application detail from Column B. Two items in Column B are distractors and will not be used.
| # | Column A | Column B | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Soil drench for EAB | a) Target young larvae (early instars); minimal impact on natural enemies; often requires reapplication | |
| 2 | Tree injection for EAB | b) Apply in spring before leaves emerge | |
| 3 | Trunk injection for CMBS | c) Requires professional applicator; effective delivery method for systemic insecticides into ash | |
| 4 | Soil drench / soil injection for CMBS | d) Not a viable option — crapemyrtle absorbs systemic insecticides through the trunk very slowly | |
| 5 | Foliar soaps for CMBS | e) Recommended chemical methods; multiple products and brand names available | |
| 6 | Btk foliar spray for oakworm | f) Used to target crawlers (young mobile nymphs) | |
| 7 | Importation biological control for EAB | g) Specialist parasitoid wasps from Asia introduced after USDA risk assessment; attack larvae and eggs | |
| 8 | ”Don’t Move Firewood” campaign | h) Prevention strategy resulting from EAB invasion; also helps contain Asian longhorned beetle | |
| i) Apply systemic insecticide in late fall after leaves drop for maximum CMBS uptake | |||
| j) Biological control using native generalist predators that fully suppress EAB without chemical assistance |
Answer Key:
1 → b, 2 → c, 3 → d, 4 → e, 5 → f, 6 → a, 7 → g, 8 → h
Distractors: i (no fall application timing was described for CMBS soil treatment), j (Dr. Graziosi stated native natural enemies alone are not enough for EAB and biological control has not been fully successful yet)
Source in transcript: EAB chemical control ~22:34–23:42; EAB biocontrol ~23:57–27:30; CMBS chemical control ~37:28–38:30; CMBS biocontrol ~38:31–41:44; Oakworm control ~47:56–49:05; Firewood ~13:02–13:46
Matching Exercise 3: Spiral of Tree Decline and Disease Triangle Concepts
Timestamp Reference: 1:28 – 6:06 (framework), applied throughout presentation
Type: Timing-Practice / Concept Application
Instructions: Match each factor or concept in Column A with its correct classification or description from Column B as presented by Dr. Graziosi. Two items in Column B are distractors and will not be used.
| # | Column A | Column B | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Soil compaction | a) Inciting factor in the spiral of tree decline | |
| 2 | Defoliating insects | b) Predisposing factor; described as “often the number one issue for many trees” | |
| 3 | Wood-boring insects | c) Contributing factor in the innermost spiral | |
| 4 | Armillaria | d) Contributing factor; a fungal genus in the innermost spiral | |
| 5 | Genetic potential of the tree | e) Predisposing factor in the outermost spiral | |
| 6 | Drought | f) The outcome at the center of the spiral diagram | |
| 7 | Urban environment stress | g) Predisposing factor; described as stressful for the tree | |
| 8 | Nematodes | h) Contributing factor listed alongside wood-boring insects and fungi | |
| 9 | Death of the tree | i) Inciting factor alongside defoliating insects | |
| 10 | Urban heat island effect | j) Stresses trees (increasing susceptibility) and accelerates insect development simultaneously | |
| k) A predisposing factor that only affects conifers | |||
| l) An inciting factor that primarily affects root systems of aquatic plants |
Answer Key:
1 → b, 2 → a, 3 → c, 4 → d, 5 → e, 6 → i, 7 → g, 8 → h, 9 → f, 10 → j
Distractors: k (no conifer-specific predisposing factor discussed), l (no aquatic plant context discussed)
Source in transcript: Spiral of decline ~3:02–6:06, blocks 40–68; Urban heat island ~36:42–37:21, blocks 363–368
Verification Checklist
- All terms, definitions, and relationships derived directly from the presentation
- No general textbook knowledge used — only speaker’s content
- Matching items unambiguous based on presentation content
- Each exercise includes 2 plausible distractors
- Timestamp references verified against corrected transcript
- Answer keys correct and unambiguous per speaker’s statements
- Coverage spans all major presentation sections