1 00:00:00,020 --> 00:00:01,440 Shimat Joseph: So welcome back everyone. 2 00:00:03,400 --> 00:00:06,800 Shimat Joseph: So our second speaker is Dr. Chris Marble. 3 00:00:08,180 --> 00:00:13,240 Shimat Joseph: Dr. Marble received his PhD from Auburn University in 2013. 4 00:00:14,440 --> 00:00:19,080 Shimat Joseph: And he is an associate professor at the University of Florida, 5 00:00:19,580 --> 00:00:22,100 Shimat Joseph: Mid-Florida Research and Education Center. 6 00:00:24,040 --> 00:00:27,599 Shimat Joseph: His research focuses on developing integrated 7 00:00:27,940 --> 00:00:33,780 Shimat Joseph: Weed management plans for ornamental plants in nurseries, greenhouses, and landscapes, 8 00:00:34,720 --> 00:00:40,760 Shimat Joseph: focusing on more efficient use of herbicides, and how cultural practices impact weed control. 9 00:00:42,320 --> 00:00:45,360 Shimat Joseph: Dr. Marble, the floor is yours. Can you get started? 10 00:00:46,400 --> 00:00:48,059 Chris Marble: Thank you very much. I appreciate it. 11 00:00:49,020 --> 00:00:53,059 Chris Marble: And thank you all for joining me and for inviting me to come and present today. 12 00:00:53,739 --> 00:00:55,340 Chris Marble: Is my screen showing up good? 13 00:00:56,239 --> 00:00:56,360 Chris Marble: Good. 14 00:00:56,519 --> 00:00:57,019 Chris Marble: Yes. 15 00:00:57,579 --> 00:00:57,960 Chris Marble: Good there. 16 00:00:58,180 --> 00:00:58,399 Chris Marble: All right. 17 00:00:58,600 --> 00:00:58,699 Chris Marble: Yeah. 18 00:00:58,899 --> 00:01:01,519 Chris Marble: So we're going to be talking about weed control and ornamentals. 19 00:01:02,180 --> 00:01:06,479 Chris Marble: And I'm going to share some information that regardless of whether you're trying to control 20 00:01:06,659 --> 00:01:12,060 Chris Marble: weeds and ornamentals in a nursery situation, a production scenario, or in the landscape, 21 00:01:13,660 --> 00:01:16,820 Chris Marble: these things would be applicable and kind of apply in both scenarios. 22 00:01:17,280 --> 00:01:22,400 Chris Marble: So we'll talk about application, timing, and then how to develop a program 23 00:01:22,479 --> 00:01:26,220 Chris Marble: and what you want to think about when you're developing a weed management program 24 00:01:27,040 --> 00:01:29,460 Chris Marble: in terms of combining a bunch of different things together 25 00:01:30,040 --> 00:01:33,140 Chris Marble: and not just selecting herbicides, essentially. 26 00:01:33,140 --> 00:01:33,260 Chris Marble: point. 27 00:01:34,860 --> 00:01:35,640 Chris Marble: There we go. 28 00:01:36,140 --> 00:01:40,460 Chris Marble: Overview, what I'll talk about, I kind of just discussed that, but one thing that I'm 29 00:01:40,460 --> 00:01:44,920 Chris Marble: going to start out with is the number one reasons why herbicides fail and people get 30 00:01:44,960 --> 00:01:52,180 Chris Marble: either poor results or they get plant injury, and that is when you're using a herbicide that's 31 00:01:52,260 --> 00:01:58,140 Chris Marble: actually labeled for the use, of course, but it's poor application practices and not being 32 00:01:58,380 --> 00:01:58,860 Chris Marble: calibrated. 33 00:01:59,399 --> 00:02:05,479 Chris Marble: So I'll cover some of that and then also share some tools that we've developed to help people with that. 34 00:02:06,000 --> 00:02:09,440 Chris Marble: Also talk about improving success with pre and post-emergence herbicides. 35 00:02:09,970 --> 00:02:16,380 Chris Marble: Some things to look for and some keys to really getting the most bang for your buck out of the herbicide applications. 36 00:02:17,040 --> 00:02:21,460 Chris Marble: and then developing a weed control program based upon individual considerations. 37 00:02:21,820 --> 00:02:27,140 Chris Marble: So, weed species and then also the ornamentals in which you're trying to control those weed species. 38 00:02:27,800 --> 00:02:36,440 Chris Marble: I'll give some examples of some different rotations and things like that that could be implemented, but I try to, in these types of presentations, 39 00:02:37,019 --> 00:02:40,439 Chris Marble: not give people, you know, this is the rotation that you can use. 40 00:02:41,090 --> 00:02:45,540 Chris Marble: Because some of the examples that I'll give, they could be a great option for your situation, 41 00:02:45,750 --> 00:02:49,099 Chris Marble: or they could be potentially catastrophic for your situation, 42 00:02:49,420 --> 00:02:52,560 Chris Marble: depending upon your weed species and the ornamental. 43 00:02:52,720 --> 00:02:56,280 Chris Marble: So I'm going to try to spend quite a bit of time going through, 44 00:02:57,220 --> 00:03:00,220 Chris Marble: basically how to develop a program for your specific situation, 45 00:03:00,530 --> 00:03:02,459 Chris Marble: and just kind of give people information. 46 00:03:02,060 --> 00:03:08,360 Chris Marble: the tools and the information they need to do that and not give, you know, just cookie-cutter recommendations. 47 00:03:09,260 --> 00:03:12,260 Chris Marble: With the common questions, this is probably the most common questions I get, 48 00:03:13,080 --> 00:03:17,400 Chris Marble: whether I'm talking about nurseries or the landscape is, why didn't the herbicide work? 49 00:03:17,640 --> 00:03:20,720 Chris Marble: You know, I've been using this herbicide and it's always worked consistently. 50 00:03:21,760 --> 00:03:24,260 Chris Marble: And then, you know, why am I getting this plant injury? 51 00:03:24,480 --> 00:03:27,980 Chris Marble: Could this plant injury be attributed to this herbicide application? 52 00:03:28,520 --> 00:03:33,840 Chris Marble: And a good possibility is that not the right rate was used and that the applicator was not 53 00:03:34,140 --> 00:03:37,760 Chris Marble: calibrated properly or there was some other kind of misapplication there. 54 00:03:38,440 --> 00:03:43,520 Chris Marble: And these are just some examples of some cases where someone was calibrated and you had good 55 00:03:43,580 --> 00:03:48,720 Chris Marble: weed control and good crop safety versus those same plant species and that same herbicide 56 00:03:49,200 --> 00:03:53,980 Chris Marble: with that rate being off by somewhere between 50 and several hundred percent. 57 00:03:54,600 --> 00:03:55,900 Chris Marble: We've been around... 58 00:03:56,120 --> 00:03:59,319 Chris Marble: actually at several different locations in the Southeast. 59 00:04:00,260 --> 00:04:05,860 Chris Marble: And we were measuring, you know, people's applications to see how close they were to the label rate. 60 00:04:06,040 --> 00:04:11,120 Chris Marble: And, you know, I'd say most people were getting it pretty good, were there within 10 percent, 20 percent. 61 00:04:11,200 --> 00:04:15,040 Chris Marble: And that's that's really in a real world situation. That's kind of a perfect application. 62 00:04:15,920 --> 00:04:19,620 Chris Marble: We're talking about large scale, getting it within 10 percent plus or minus. 63 00:04:20,019 --> 00:04:28,300 Chris Marble: But in some cases, that rate might have been exorbitantly high or low, you know, anywhere from a quarter of the rate that they were actually trying to apply. 64 00:04:28,800 --> 00:04:33,920 Chris Marble: And so in those cases, that herbicide is going to fail and it's not going to provide weed control results. 65 00:04:34,760 --> 00:04:44,040 Chris Marble: So these are some of the tools that we've developed to help people with some of this in terms of mixing things properly and staying calibrated and things. 66 00:04:44,400 --> 00:04:45,140 Chris Marble: So, yeah. 67 00:04:44,880 --> 00:04:50,240 Chris Marble: We have, for people that are growing in large containers, I don't necessarily recommend this too much. 68 00:04:50,360 --> 00:04:55,900 Chris Marble: It's kind of still difficult to do, but in terms of applying and treating individual pots, 69 00:04:56,420 --> 00:05:01,860 Chris Marble: so if someone had, say, 50-gallon, I have growers that, you know, grow in 100-gallon pots, 70 00:05:02,340 --> 00:05:16,920 Chris Marble: And they want to treat those individually. And so we have some ways to kind of calculate that out to where you're staying calibrated there. We also have some calibration checks where you can do it for liquids or granules in a bunch of different units. 71 00:05:17,520 --> 00:05:21,099 Chris Marble: And then these are herbicide calculators in terms of mixing. 72 00:05:21,800 --> 00:05:24,639 Chris Marble: So for granules, you know, what's the size of the area that you're treating, 73 00:05:24,840 --> 00:05:27,860 Chris Marble: what's the product that you're using, how much you actually need. 74 00:05:28,349 --> 00:05:30,199 Chris Marble: And then the same for liquid and spray applied. 75 00:05:30,250 --> 00:05:34,460 Chris Marble: You can put in the size of your tank, the size of the area that you're treating, 76 00:05:34,970 --> 00:05:37,580 Chris Marble: the length of the production beds and things like that. 77 00:05:38,250 --> 00:05:43,099 Chris Marble: And then they'll tell you how much to mix, you know, per tank based upon the output. 78 00:05:43,800 --> 00:05:48,920 Chris Marble: of your sprayer. And those can be useful for, you know, whether you're treating turfgrass or 79 00:05:49,220 --> 00:05:55,260 Chris Marble: or ornamentals in the landscape or nursery. But these are available for free download. And I'll talk 80 00:05:55,540 --> 00:06:01,380 Chris Marble: about our website at the end of the presentation and where some of these resources can be found. 81 00:06:01,720 --> 00:06:12,640 Chris Marble: This is just another example of stuff that I see, you know, all the time, just misapplications where, you know, you have very high rate, you know, one side of the container, no herbicide on the other. 82 00:06:13,260 --> 00:06:23,480 Chris Marble: But this, I just put this in there to just address that with all these different herbicides that I'll talk about today and then the performance and the safety that you'll get with a lot of these, 83 00:06:23,940 --> 00:06:29,380 Chris Marble: That's based upon someone following the label and getting it at the proper rate. 84 00:06:29,580 --> 00:06:33,480 Chris Marble: So if it's not the proper rate, all bets are off. 85 00:06:35,720 --> 00:06:42,480 Chris Marble: So herbicide timing, of course, for pre-emergent herbicides, you've got to have those out before your target weed germinates. 86 00:06:43,819 --> 00:06:53,539 Chris Marble: In a nursery situation, that's typically going to be, you know, at potting, waiting several days for those plants to be watered in and then for the herbicide to be applied. 87 00:06:53,530 --> 00:06:53,680 Chris Marble: Yeah. 88 00:06:54,310 --> 00:06:59,940 Chris Marble: And then in a landscape situation, it will be, you know, after the depends upon the plant species, 89 00:07:00,539 --> 00:07:07,300 Chris Marble: But for woody ornamentals and things, soon after they're planted, they're tolerant of a wide range of pre-emergent herbicides. 90 00:07:07,500 --> 00:07:14,500 Chris Marble: But the key is to make sure that that soil is settled, whether they're just being planted, you know, in a container or the landscape. 91 00:07:15,319 --> 00:07:24,120 Chris Marble: Because where injury can occur, especially with some root inhibiting herbicides and things like that, is if those roots are exposed to those pre-emergent herbicides. 92 00:07:24,800 --> 00:07:36,360 Chris Marble: But then in terms of an application schedule, in terms of how many times you would have to apply during a year, you know, in a production situation in a nursery, that's really the only tool that they have are pre-emergent herbicides. 93 00:07:30,150 --> 00:07:30,280 Chris Marble: Yeah. 94 00:07:36,400 --> 00:07:39,720 Chris Marble: They can't go in and spot spray, you know, small containers. 95 00:07:40,620 --> 00:07:46,139 Chris Marble: So they're going to be applying, you know, approximately every 8 to 12 weeks to keep that weed pressure down. 96 00:07:46,860 --> 00:07:50,259 Chris Marble: Whereas in a landscape situation, you can go much longer. 97 00:07:50,900 --> 00:07:56,320 Chris Marble: You know, some people don't even use pre-emergent herbicides and they just spot treat with post-emergent herbicides. 98 00:07:56,820 --> 00:08:07,820 Chris Marble: And I'll cover that a lot towards the end of the presentation as well in terms of ways to reduce the total amount of herbicides that you're actually using there. 99 00:08:08,560 --> 00:08:19,020 Chris Marble: But essentially, you know, the timing is going to vary based upon a lot of factors in terms of the weather, the time of year, the herbicide that you're using, et cetera, et cetera. 100 00:08:20,620 --> 00:08:23,320 Chris Marble: This is another important aspect of herbicide timing. 101 00:08:23,600 --> 00:08:25,280 Chris Marble: So this is all applying. 102 00:08:25,580 --> 00:08:31,900 Chris Marble: This is all with pre-emergent herbicides, especially those that are going to be applied over the top of ornamentals. 103 00:08:26,450 --> 00:08:26,580 Chris Marble: Yeah. 104 00:08:32,419 --> 00:08:36,140 Chris Marble: So you want to try to avoid during times of tender new growth. 105 00:08:36,539 --> 00:08:40,279 Chris Marble: That's when plants are going to be most susceptible is during bud swell and development. 106 00:08:40,469 --> 00:08:43,520 Chris Marble: And when you have very young foliage on those plants. 107 00:08:44,039 --> 00:08:49,899 Chris Marble: And then also another thing to consider, especially this time of year, when temperatures are really 108 00:08:50,200 --> 00:08:54,420 Chris Marble: increasing, your chances of injury with these herbicides is going to increase. 109 00:08:55,019 --> 00:08:59,720 Chris Marble: So there's a lot of plants, you know, that are, that are on, you know, specific herbicide labels 110 00:09:00,300 --> 00:09:03,800 Chris Marble: and you wouldn't get any injury, but then, you know, in the hot part of, you know, someone's 111 00:09:03,959 --> 00:09:08,720 Chris Marble: treating in the middle of the day and you have a lot of swelling buds or tender new growth, 112 00:09:09,220 --> 00:09:11,000 Chris Marble: you can get injury in those cases. 113 00:09:11,640 --> 00:09:28,600 Chris Marble: Those plants typically recover pretty quickly from that. But if those plants are about to go for sale, that's still not a very good thing that they could have to be delayed and you have to keep them until they recover from that. And in the landscape situation, of course, they're going to upset the clients. 114 00:09:29,020 --> 00:09:34,360 Chris Marble: This is a good representation of that. So this is a holly, and this is a study that we treated. 115 00:09:34,580 --> 00:09:40,980 Chris Marble: This was a long time ago, but it's a good photo. And this is an over-the-top application of a 116 00:09:41,100 --> 00:09:46,680 Chris Marble: herbicide called SureGuard, which is flumioxazin. And that herbicide is not labeled for over-the-top 117 00:09:46,880 --> 00:09:58,980 Chris Marble: use. So please don't apply SureGuard over the top of, especially broadly, ornamental plants. But 118 00:09:54,019 --> 00:10:02,260 Chris Marble: This was an experiment, and so we were applying SureGuard over the top of plants and also doing directed applications, and we were looking at safety. 119 00:10:03,070 --> 00:10:07,300 Chris Marble: But this was an interesting thing occurred, and so this is what we saw. 120 00:10:07,370 --> 00:10:11,040 Chris Marble: So if you look at this holly here, the newest growth on those. 121 00:10:11,360 --> 00:10:16,399 Chris Marble: was severely affected. And so that's what you would expect from SureGuard. It can have a 122 00:10:16,720 --> 00:10:21,360 Chris Marble: kind of a post-emergence effect to it as well. But then this older hardened foliage, 123 00:10:21,870 --> 00:10:26,380 Chris Marble: you had no injury on it at all. And so it's a good example of what can happen, you know, 124 00:10:26,519 --> 00:10:31,760 Chris Marble: maybe on a much lower scale, but with some of these other pre-emergent herbicides and things that 125 00:10:32,160 --> 00:10:36,940 Chris Marble: plants, once those leaves are fully expanded and they're matured and kind of hardened off, 126 00:10:37,280 --> 00:10:42,140 Chris Marble: they become less susceptible to injury, whereas that new growth is much more susceptible. 127 00:10:42,990 --> 00:10:47,040 Chris Marble: And so post-emergence herbicide timing, you know, in a production scenario, 128 00:10:47,350 --> 00:10:50,440 Chris Marble: it should just be preventative. So you want to mostly focus on 129 00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:59,399 Chris Marble: sanitation, pre-emergence herbicide use, and then controlling those escapes in the non-crop areas with post-emergence herbicides. 130 00:11:00,200 --> 00:11:06,200 Chris Marble: But in the landscape, they're going to be a necessity in most cases, unless you have a high tolerance for weeds. 131 00:11:06,459 --> 00:11:10,500 Chris Marble: But to keep high managed areas, highly managed-headed landscapes... 132 00:11:10,720 --> 00:11:16,380 Chris Marble: You're typically going to have to have, you know, post-emergence herbicides regardless of your pre-emergence program. 133 00:11:17,140 --> 00:11:20,420 Chris Marble: And so we'll get into a lot of the different options that you have there. 134 00:11:21,040 --> 00:11:26,340 Chris Marble: But that timing, you know, it's going to vary based upon basically you're just trying to manage those escapes, 135 00:11:27,000 --> 00:11:31,560 Chris Marble: treat those weeds when they're small before they go to seed and the problem gets worse. 136 00:11:32,100 --> 00:11:35,660 Chris Marble: So some environmental considerations with post-emergence herbicides. 137 00:11:36,380 --> 00:11:42,320 Chris Marble: Regardless of what herbicide that you're talking about, they're going to be most effective on small, actively growing weeds. 138 00:11:42,360 --> 00:11:47,120 Chris Marble: And so that's really the most important part of timing with post-emergence herbicides is, 139 00:11:47,460 --> 00:11:53,440 Chris Marble: trying to get those out when those weeds are still small and actively growing before they get large. 140 00:11:54,080 --> 00:11:55,440 Chris Marble: Your efficacy is going to be reduced. 141 00:11:55,640 --> 00:11:57,760 Chris Marble: You're going to have to use higher rates of herbicides, 142 00:11:58,260 --> 00:12:02,360 Chris Marble: possibly multiple applications to get control of the same weed species. 143 00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:09,020 Chris Marble: And then also, once they go into the flowering and vegetative state and they're producing seeds, 144 00:12:09,820 --> 00:12:11,540 Chris Marble: you're increasing that weed seed bank. 145 00:12:11,590 --> 00:12:15,320 Chris Marble: And so you'll have a problem for a while to come from that. 146 00:12:16,300 --> 00:12:20,320 Chris Marble: But the performance can be reduced under certain conditions. 147 00:12:21,140 --> 00:12:31,500 Chris Marble: So, and this is, again, very herbicide dependent, but cloudy overcast for several days after an application can delay or reduce the effects of herbicides and reduce your efficacy. 148 00:12:32,120 --> 00:12:39,540 Chris Marble: And so applications early in the morning, you know, during a clear sunny day, they'll likely be more effective than later in the day. 149 00:12:39,990 --> 00:12:43,779 Chris Marble: For those of you that have route based businesses, that can be pretty hard to do. 150 00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:47,959 Chris Marble: You're usually treating and managing pests, you know, all day long. 151 00:12:48,220 --> 00:12:53,220 Chris Marble: So that's not as critical, but that is something where if you're not seeing the same performance, 152 00:12:53,759 --> 00:12:59,339 Chris Marble: that you've had in the past or you do an application and you just don't get good control, 153 00:13:00,199 --> 00:13:04,440 Chris Marble: the first thing a lot of people suspect is herbicide resistance. 154 00:13:04,769 --> 00:13:11,199 Chris Marble: And that definitely can be a concern, but keeping good records of your applications and when that went out, 155 00:13:11,440 --> 00:13:16,019 Chris Marble: what were the weather conditions, all those different things can help you to diagnose these problems 156 00:13:16,160 --> 00:13:17,560 Chris Marble: and correct it going forward. 157 00:13:18,240 --> 00:13:23,860 Chris Marble: So some other environmental conditions, weeds that are stressed, they're going to be harder to control. 158 00:13:24,360 --> 00:13:29,260 Chris Marble: You want those weeds to be actually healthy and actively growing for the herbicides to perform the best. 159 00:13:29,800 --> 00:13:33,740 Chris Marble: For, you know, for the systemic herbicides, they have to move in that plant. 160 00:13:33,840 --> 00:13:39,160 Chris Marble: That plant needs to be actively growing for those to be translocated as well as they can be. 161 00:13:39,640 --> 00:13:42,320 Chris Marble: And then stress weeds are going to have reduced photosynthesis. 162 00:13:43,400 --> 00:13:44,780 Chris Marble: Herbicide movement can be limited. 163 00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:47,920 Chris Marble: And so another thing too, I'll talk about these other factors. 164 00:13:48,400 --> 00:13:51,700 Chris Marble: So drought, of course, that's a stress, very hot or very cold weather. 165 00:13:52,180 --> 00:13:56,860 Chris Marble: But mowing is a big issue and it's not pertaining to ornamentals. 166 00:13:57,279 --> 00:14:02,360 Chris Marble: But mowing sooner before or after cultivation can really reduce or impact efficacy. 167 00:14:02,680 --> 00:14:07,319 Chris Marble: So, you know, you can cut a, you have a large weed and it goes through and gets mowed. 168 00:14:07,759 --> 00:14:12,980 Chris Marble: You know, you might cut off 80, 90% of that weed kind of goes into a semi-state of stress. 169 00:14:13,269 --> 00:14:13,579 Chris Marble: And then, 170 00:14:13,899 --> 00:14:24,720 Chris Marble: that herbicide is not going to be effective or you already made the application in its mode or weeded it after that application and doesn't have time to translocate down and give you thorough control. 171 00:14:25,080 --> 00:14:28,080 Chris Marble: So that's another thing to consider also. 172 00:14:28,370 --> 00:14:31,060 Chris Marble: So ranking factors and impact post-performance. 173 00:14:31,420 --> 00:14:35,040 Chris Marble: So the rate and efficacy of the herbicide is really the most important thing. 174 00:14:35,560 --> 00:14:41,580 Chris Marble: You know, if the herbicide doesn't work on that weed, you know, optimal environmental conditions aren't really going to affect that. 175 00:14:42,180 --> 00:14:45,820 Chris Marble: And then the size of the weed, that's very important and impacts efficacy a lot. 176 00:14:46,180 --> 00:14:51,480 Chris Marble: And then the environmental conditions like the temperature and the relative humidity at the time of application, 177 00:14:52,080 --> 00:14:54,340 Chris Marble: And then after that, I have the adjuvant. 178 00:14:54,600 --> 00:14:56,260 Chris Marble: And so that's probably dependent. 179 00:14:56,700 --> 00:14:59,640 Chris Marble: Some herbicides have to have adjuvants or surfactants to work. 180 00:15:00,220 --> 00:15:05,760 Chris Marble: But, you know, you see a lot of claims on different surfactants and adjuvants and spreader stickers. 181 00:15:06,110 --> 00:15:08,800 Chris Marble: And, well, those are all different types of adjuvants. 182 00:15:08,830 --> 00:15:10,820 Chris Marble: But you see a lot of claims on a lot of those. 183 00:15:11,220 --> 00:15:17,300 Chris Marble: but they're not miracle workers. They can improve control, but if that herbicide is not 184 00:15:17,920 --> 00:15:22,440 Chris Marble: effective on that weed species, it doesn't really matter what surfactant that you used on it, 185 00:15:22,480 --> 00:15:27,340 Chris Marble: it's not going to work. But some products do have to have certain ones, so that's all label dependent. 186 00:15:28,070 --> 00:15:34,920 Chris Marble: And then time of day would be probably one of the more least important factors in a lot of cases. 187 00:15:35,350 --> 00:15:38,120 Chris Marble: So that ties into what we were talking about previously. 188 00:15:38,780 --> 00:15:54,800 Chris Marble: And so importance of developing a program. So oftentimes people, you know, they just have different herbicides and they might choose a few herbicides that they like and they use them in a bunch of different scenarios. But you want to program, I say you want to program and not products. You don't want to just have herbicides. 189 00:15:55,080 --> 00:16:02,200 Chris Marble: different herbicides that you use, you know, you're managing weeds in landscape beds and Snapshot is your herbicide for that. 190 00:16:02,600 --> 00:16:07,980 Chris Marble: That's a good herbicide and it might be useful, but you don't want to just have, you know, you want to have multiple options, 191 00:16:08,779 --> 00:16:12,580 Chris Marble: combining that with cultural controls and things like that to develop a program. 192 00:16:13,180 --> 00:16:27,860 Chris Marble: And so what a program is, is basically a schedule of herbicide applications that's planned, but it's also flexible, depending upon the control that you got, the environmental considerations, and the weed species that you have. 193 00:16:28,940 --> 00:16:39,900 Chris Marble: Also consider with these pre-emergent herbicides that with all these different options that I'll discuss, you might get one, but in a lot of cases you get two or three applications per year. 194 00:16:40,940 --> 00:16:46,320 Chris Marble: So I hear people talking about, you know, they have this pre-emergent herbicide that they're using. 195 00:16:46,620 --> 00:16:52,019 Chris Marble: in landscape beds, and that's the only one they use, and they apply it, you know, multiple times per year. 196 00:16:52,699 --> 00:16:57,519 Chris Marble: But in a lot of cases, you only can apply those things two or three times legally according to that label, 197 00:16:58,000 --> 00:17:01,199 Chris Marble: or to stay within that label rate, that total label rate. 198 00:17:01,720 --> 00:17:05,640 Chris Marble: That's important, and so that limits, you know, the herbicides that you can use. 199 00:17:07,300 --> 00:17:11,160 Chris Marble: But I'll talk about some different rotation options and timings. 200 00:17:11,680 --> 00:17:13,980 Chris Marble: But again, none of this works for everyone. 201 00:17:14,339 --> 00:17:21,240 Chris Marble: But I'll try to give you the tools to develop one for your own program, for your own situation. 202 00:17:16,459 --> 00:17:16,579 Chris Marble: Um... 203 00:17:22,040 --> 00:17:23,060 Chris Marble: Selecting herbicides. 204 00:17:23,460 --> 00:17:33,200 Chris Marble: If you have a good rotation and a good herbicide plan, you're going to get better weed control, better plant tolerance, and then also reduce the chances of resistance development. 205 00:17:33,700 --> 00:17:37,980 Chris Marble: In this picture, I like to include it on a lot of slides because it's a great example of this. 206 00:17:38,380 --> 00:17:45,580 Chris Marble: So this crabgrass is not resistant, but in this particular case, this nursery had been battling bittercress. 207 00:17:45,820 --> 00:17:49,860 Chris Marble: for a long time and they were doing a lot of hand weeding because the herbicides that they were using 208 00:17:50,160 --> 00:17:57,160 Chris Marble: before did not control bittercress and so they switched and they they found Gallery, isoxaben 209 00:17:57,240 --> 00:18:02,780 Chris Marble: which is very effective on bittercress and we even control bittercress post-emergence if it's 210 00:18:02,840 --> 00:18:09,000 Chris Marble: pretty small but it provides great pre-emergence control bittercress so they switched to um 211 00:18:09,420 --> 00:18:12,620 Chris Marble: to gallery, started using that over and over again, 212 00:18:12,980 --> 00:18:14,760 Chris Marble: and they weren't rotating to something 213 00:18:14,920 --> 00:18:16,440 Chris Marble: that would control grassy species, 214 00:18:17,040 --> 00:18:19,520 Chris Marble: 'cause gallery's only really effective on broadleaves. 215 00:18:19,840 --> 00:18:22,120 Chris Marble: And so then they had grass issues that took over 216 00:18:22,580 --> 00:18:25,820 Chris Marble: and became a major concern, as you can see in this photo here. 217 00:18:26,240 --> 00:18:33,700 Chris Marble: So no one herbicide is going to control all the weeds and, you know, the weed that is not controlled is going to eventually take over. 218 00:18:34,200 --> 00:18:41,520 Chris Marble: And they don't increase linearly. I say they increase exponentially in terms of their population and how many seeds they can produce. 219 00:18:42,080 --> 00:18:43,559 Chris Marble: And they can do it really fast, too. 220 00:18:44,919 --> 00:18:48,059 Chris Marble: So how do you choose herbicides for your situation? 221 00:18:48,270 --> 00:18:49,080 Chris Marble: So three steps. 222 00:18:49,320 --> 00:18:55,860 Chris Marble: One, you know, what's labeled or what is safe for the plants that you're having to treat around for the ornamentals? 223 00:18:56,350 --> 00:18:58,059 Chris Marble: Two, what are the weeds that you're targeting? 224 00:18:58,840 --> 00:19:06,120 Chris Marble: And then three, you know, putting those together so that you have a plan for the year based upon the number of applications that you need. 225 00:19:06,840 --> 00:19:16,980 Chris Marble: Here's basically a pretty thorough list of all the different pre-emergence herbicide options that you have for use in ornamental plants. 226 00:19:17,160 --> 00:19:19,160 Chris Marble: And these are all color-coded by mode of action. 227 00:19:20,120 --> 00:19:27,780 Chris Marble: So I developed this so that people could look and see which herbicides are really similar in terms of the modes of action. 228 00:19:28,580 --> 00:19:34,800 Chris Marble: The ones that have two colors on the same product, those are combination products where you have two different herbicides. 229 00:19:35,140 --> 00:19:41,160 Chris Marble: that have been combined there. But we have a lot of herbicides from our group three, our mitosis 230 00:19:41,520 --> 00:19:47,280 Chris Marble: inhibitors, that's represented by yellow. And then we also have a lot of PPO inhibitors, which is 231 00:19:47,380 --> 00:19:53,280 Chris Marble: represented by orange. But those are a lot of the herbicides that we have for use in ornamentals. 232 00:19:54,720 --> 00:20:09,220 Chris Marble: So when you're developing a program, you want to make sure that you're rotating through these different modes of action. You're not using the same products every application, you know, multiple years in a row or the same mode of action, not just the same herbicide. 233 00:20:09,590 --> 00:20:10,600 Chris Marble: So, yeah. 234 00:20:10,299 --> 00:20:18,900 Chris Marble: This is probably the best resource that I know of for in terms of a compilation of a bunch of pest control guides and things. 235 00:20:19,240 --> 00:20:23,179 Chris Marble: It has information on weeds, insects, and then also diseases. 236 00:20:23,880 --> 00:20:26,780 Chris Marble: But it's the 2017 Southeast Pest Control Guide. 237 00:20:27,240 --> 00:20:29,740 Chris Marble: And so we have efficacy charts in there. 238 00:20:29,740 --> 00:20:31,400 Chris Marble: We have safety charts in there. 239 00:20:31,860 --> 00:20:38,899 Chris Marble: But it's available for download for free or you can order a copy from I think it's North Carolina State. 240 00:20:39,190 --> 00:20:43,200 Chris Marble: And it's only I think it's $20 for a hard copy of it if you want it. 241 00:20:43,260 --> 00:20:47,740 Chris Marble: But it's probably the best resource with a compilation of all that different information there. 242 00:20:48,200 --> 00:20:51,960 Chris Marble: And so that's going to be kind of what I use for these examples that I'll show here. 243 00:20:52,500 --> 00:20:55,620 Chris Marble: So the step one, figuring out what herbicides that you can use. 244 00:20:56,210 --> 00:21:00,840 Chris Marble: In this example, let's say that we need a year-long rotation for a container-grown gardenia. 245 00:21:01,289 --> 00:21:03,820 Chris Marble: And so we look at gardenia, and this is from that guide. 246 00:21:04,240 --> 00:21:10,820 Chris Marble: We have all of our pre-emergence herbicides, and then we have all the different products that are labeled for use on that, 247 00:21:11,120 --> 00:21:14,320 Chris Marble: represented by an FC, whether it's field or container. 248 00:21:14,899 --> 00:21:21,639 Chris Marble: And so with gardenia, you can look at that and you see all of your different options and we'll narrow it down to just granulars. 249 00:21:22,070 --> 00:21:22,179 Chris Marble: Okay. 250 00:21:22,120 --> 00:21:25,139 Chris Marble: We'll say that we're going to develop a program and the only thing we can apply is granular. 251 00:21:26,000 --> 00:21:28,279 Chris Marble: But these are our different granular products here. 252 00:21:28,840 --> 00:21:33,620 Chris Marble: These are all labeled for use, you know, over the top in gardenia to control different weeds. 253 00:21:33,860 --> 00:21:36,340 Chris Marble: So we have a lot of different labeled options. 254 00:21:36,639 --> 00:21:43,480 Chris Marble: So the next step is to figure out, you know, which ones are going to be most effective for the weed species that we're dealing with. 255 00:21:44,020 --> 00:21:49,640 Chris Marble: So let's take those different herbicides and let's group them because, you know, you look at a list like this. 256 00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:54,180 Chris Marble: So, you know, how did you go through picking, you know, which herbicide to use? 257 00:21:54,980 --> 00:22:01,900 Chris Marble: So that's where this kind of comes into handy where you look at basically the modes of action of those and you want to kind of group them by that. 258 00:22:02,120 --> 00:22:04,720 Chris Marble: Here's all of our 14 plus three combinations. 259 00:22:05,460 --> 00:22:08,260 Chris Marble: You know, five different herbicides have the same mode of action. 260 00:22:08,880 --> 00:22:12,539 Chris Marble: Some of the active ingredients are a little bit different, but they all perform, you know, 261 00:22:12,640 --> 00:22:13,419 Chris Marble: pretty much similarly. 262 00:22:13,960 --> 00:22:19,600 Chris Marble: We have a couple of group threes, one group 29, which is represented by indaziflam. 263 00:22:20,220 --> 00:22:22,400 Chris Marble: Then we have some isoxaben combinations. 264 00:22:23,480 --> 00:22:32,080 Chris Marble: Those are all products that contain isoxaben, which is the gallery, essentially, and we're 265 00:22:30,320 --> 00:22:33,320 Chris Marble: but they contain an isoxaben plus, you know, another herbicide. 266 00:22:33,380 --> 00:22:37,920 Chris Marble: Those are all group 23 or group 21 plus three combinations. 267 00:22:39,040 --> 00:22:43,300 Chris Marble: Then we have one 15 plus three and then some group 14s, 268 00:22:43,520 --> 00:22:45,880 Chris Marble: or it's just group 14 by itself. 269 00:22:46,120 --> 00:22:49,280 Chris Marble: So the reason to think of it like this is you wouldn't want to pick, 270 00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:49,520 Chris Marble: you know, 271 00:22:49,780 --> 00:22:53,640 Chris Marble: a rotation with two or three options from the same combination because you 272 00:22:53,640 --> 00:22:55,540 Chris Marble: may be controlling the same spectrum of weeds, 273 00:22:57,280 --> 00:23:00,700 Chris Marble: And, you know, you can lead to resistance development as well. 274 00:22:59,760 --> 00:22:59,880 Chris Marble: um, 275 00:23:01,440 --> 00:23:10,280 Chris Marble: So determining what weeds you need to target, at least in the nursery industry and in the southeast, I'll say that there's two seasons. 276 00:23:10,560 --> 00:23:12,520 Chris Marble: There's spurge season and bittercress season. 277 00:23:12,880 --> 00:23:14,900 Chris Marble: And that's by our primaries here. 278 00:23:15,419 --> 00:23:22,600 Chris Marble: But really what you want to do when you're thinking about this is, you know, you have your herbicides that are safe for your, you know, your potential site. 279 00:23:23,059 --> 00:23:32,120 Chris Marble: And the next thing is to look and see, OK, what is my primary weed species that I'm dealing with at this time of year, whether it's spring, summer, fall or winter? 280 00:23:32,490 --> 00:23:37,679 Chris Marble: And then you've got to pick a herbicide that's effective, especially for that primary weed species species. 281 00:23:37,320 --> 00:23:39,700 Chris Marble: but then you're also going to have some secondary species 282 00:23:39,980 --> 00:23:41,640 Chris Marble: that are problematic at the same time 283 00:23:42,100 --> 00:23:43,980 Chris Marble: or possibly a little bit before or later. 284 00:23:44,520 --> 00:23:46,940 Chris Marble: And so you want to make sure that that herbicide is effective 285 00:23:47,100 --> 00:23:48,220 Chris Marble: for your primary species, 286 00:23:48,960 --> 00:23:52,300 Chris Marble: but is also at least okay on the secondary species. 287 00:23:53,140 --> 00:23:55,260 Chris Marble: So you could go back to that guide, 288 00:23:55,420 --> 00:23:57,620 Chris Marble: the 2017 pest management guide, 289 00:23:58,050 --> 00:23:58,940 Chris Marble: and you could look up, 290 00:23:59,160 --> 00:24:02,380 Chris Marble: so say we spotted spurge was our primary issue, 291 00:24:02,600 --> 00:24:03,300 Chris Marble: and so we look, 292 00:24:03,980 --> 00:24:07,280 Chris Marble: and then myself and Jeff Durr and Joe Neal 293 00:24:07,340 --> 00:24:10,480 Chris Marble: rank these based upon their labels and also our data. 294 00:24:11,560 --> 00:24:14,540 Chris Marble: And we have whether they're good, fair or poor, 295 00:24:15,260 --> 00:24:16,800 Chris Marble: you know, for these different herbicides. 296 00:24:17,180 --> 00:24:19,660 Chris Marble: And so you would want to look and then for your primary species, 297 00:24:19,860 --> 00:24:22,220 Chris Marble: you'd want something that's good that has a G. 298 00:24:22,640 --> 00:24:39,180 Chris Marble: There, that will be, you know, that's your most important plant or your most important weed to control because it's your primary weed species. And so we look and we narrow that list down. And so these are all ranked as good for spurge and they're also labeled in gardenia. 299 00:24:39,620 --> 00:24:44,580 Chris Marble: And so let's say that our secondary species was eclipta. And so for that secondary species, 300 00:24:44,900 --> 00:24:49,560 Chris Marble: it's not as bad, you know, it's kind of a problem, but it definitely isn't, you know, 301 00:24:49,740 --> 00:24:55,100 Chris Marble: taking over like Spurge was. So in this case, we want something that's at least fair or good, 302 00:24:55,440 --> 00:24:58,920 Chris Marble: you know, a G or F based upon these particular charts. 303 00:24:59,620 --> 00:25:03,620 Chris Marble: And so then we narrow our list down further. And so all these options here, 304 00:25:04,539 --> 00:25:06,559 Chris Marble: They're good for, they're great on spurge. 305 00:25:07,039 --> 00:25:10,860 Chris Marble: They're, you know, pretty good on eclipta and they're labeled for use in gardenia. 306 00:25:10,860 --> 00:25:16,799 Chris Marble: So these would be good options, you know, in that warm time of the year when spurge and eclipta are issues. 307 00:25:17,519 --> 00:25:20,320 Chris Marble: So that will be, you know, where you would place these in a rotation. 308 00:25:20,940 --> 00:25:24,860 Chris Marble: And so the third step is basically just combining all those together through the year. 309 00:25:25,500 --> 00:25:30,960 Chris Marble: to figure that out. So we covered the priorities and how to kind of pick those and go through 310 00:25:31,200 --> 00:25:35,440 Chris Marble: everything. But you just want to pick your best options and then make sure that you're saving 311 00:25:35,620 --> 00:25:40,639 Chris Marble: those applications for when you need them. You know, if you get two applications of FreeHand a 312 00:25:40,799 --> 00:25:45,919 Chris Marble: year and you really like it for spurge, you wouldn't want to put it in the winter when spurge 313 00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:49,860 Chris Marble: isn't really an issue. You want to place them maybe in the spring and then one, you know, late 314 00:25:50,090 --> 00:25:54,179 Chris Marble: summer, something like that, so that you get the best advantage out of that herbicide for your weed 315 00:25:55,380 --> 00:26:08,640 Chris Marble: But this could be like a for a three or about a 16, 20, 24 week rotation here are more like 24 to 30 week rotation where you have three different products here. 316 00:26:09,140 --> 00:26:12,360 Chris Marble: They're all safe on gardenia and they all control spurge and eclipta. 317 00:26:12,860 --> 00:26:31,419 Chris Marble: And then, you know, for your cool season, you might have a different group of herbicides that you've also determined to be safe. They're good on, you know, your cool season weed spectrum like bittercress or annual bluegrass or oxalis, and they're effective for those. And so you kind of combine all those together and figure out your program for the year. 318 00:26:31,960 --> 00:26:36,860 Chris Marble: In landscape, you know, you might just have one application, two applications that you can make. 319 00:26:37,480 --> 00:26:41,820 Chris Marble: In the nursery situation, you know, you're making an application every 8 to 10 weeks, 320 00:26:41,860 --> 00:26:46,600 Chris Marble: and so you'd have to have more options put together to develop your program for the year. 321 00:26:48,500 --> 00:27:03,240 Chris Marble: This would be a plan for the year for this would be like a nursery situation. You've got your months of the year up here, your primary species, and then all of your herbicide options based upon the ones that are safe and labeled for your plants. 322 00:27:03,940 --> 00:27:25,360 Chris Marble: And so, you know, early February, you know, you've got a 3 plus 21, then you follow that with a 14 plus 3, then you come with a group 29, then a group 3 plus 15, on and on down the line, so that you're not repeating the same mode of action too many times, and you're controlling all those weeds in that spectrum when those weeds are most problematic. 323 00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:34,740 Chris Marble: And then, you know, in a landscape, you know, people might say, you know, I don't like to use any pre-emergence herbicides or it's too much trouble to go in and make a pre-emergence application. 324 00:27:35,279 --> 00:27:41,960 Chris Marble: Or I've gotten this before, too, where people will say, you know, why are you recommending people use pre-emergence herbicide? 325 00:27:42,200 --> 00:27:45,880 Chris Marble: I thought you always talked about reducing herbicide applications. 326 00:27:46,120 --> 00:27:51,340 Chris Marble: I can just go and manage them by spot spraying, you know, Roundup or Finale or something like that. 327 00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:57,460 Chris Marble: And the reason I say I'm kind of a proponent of pre-emergent herbicides in certain 328 00:27:57,780 --> 00:28:05,640 Chris Marble: situations is that we've done a lot of research on this, and this is results from one of the 329 00:28:05,760 --> 00:28:06,580 Chris Marble: trials that we did. 330 00:28:06,950 --> 00:28:11,200 Chris Marble: And so basically what we wanted to look at is for someone that's managing weeds in the 331 00:28:11,300 --> 00:28:17,540 Chris Marble: landscape situation, if they wanted to keep weed pressure to optimal level, let's say 332 00:28:17,700 --> 00:28:20,400 Chris Marble: 15 to 20%, you know, how many... 333 00:28:20,660 --> 00:28:27,660 Chris Marble: follow-up post applications of just Roundup or glyphosate, could they eliminate if they 334 00:28:27,860 --> 00:28:29,380 Chris Marble: incorporated pre-emergent herbicides? 335 00:28:29,980 --> 00:28:35,740 Chris Marble: And so this is a study that we did where we had Ranger, Finale, and Reward. 336 00:28:36,380 --> 00:28:37,960 Chris Marble: Ranger was our glyphosate product. 337 00:28:38,540 --> 00:28:42,600 Chris Marble: Finale is glufosinate, and then Reward is diquat. 338 00:28:42,600 --> 00:28:44,560 Chris Marble: But those are all post-emergent herbicides. 339 00:28:45,100 --> 00:28:48,460 Chris Marble: And then we combine them with either Specticle or SureGuard. 340 00:28:48,550 --> 00:28:54,420 Chris Marble: And those are two pretty long-lasting pre-emergent herbicides that are labeled for use in landscape planting beds. 341 00:28:55,460 --> 00:28:59,360 Chris Marble: And then we compared them to just ranger or glyphosate by itself. 342 00:29:00,180 --> 00:29:04,080 Chris Marble: And so this is the average control that we got over the course of 12 weeks. 343 00:29:04,120 --> 00:29:11,360 Chris Marble: And the way that we did this was we went out every two weeks and we did our ratings, our weed control ratings. 344 00:29:11,880 --> 00:29:15,800 Chris Marble: And then if those ratings were, you know, if our weed control rating was... 345 00:29:15,820 --> 00:29:21,220 Chris Marble: basically below 80%, we would go back in and spot treat like someone would do in a landscape situation. 346 00:29:21,740 --> 00:29:30,500 Chris Marble: And so then over time, after we got to about, I think, and the data that I have here is for maybe four months, I believe. 347 00:29:31,480 --> 00:29:36,420 Chris Marble: But then we looked and we saw the average number of basically retreatments that we had to make. 348 00:29:36,880 --> 00:29:48,820 Chris Marble: And so when we included these pre-emergent herbicides, like especially if we started out with glyphosate or Finale, and we included Specticle or SureGuard, we were only making one or two follow-up applications after that. 349 00:29:49,299 --> 00:29:54,700 Chris Marble: If we just used Ranger or glyphosate by itself, we were having to go in basically every month. 350 00:29:55,100 --> 00:29:59,640 Chris Marble: or more than every month to go back in and spot treat because that weed pressure was up. 351 00:30:00,340 --> 00:30:05,680 Chris Marble: And so we ended up using a lot more herbicide by just using, you know, a post-only program. 352 00:30:06,280 --> 00:30:09,640 Chris Marble: With Reward, the diquat, we had to make three applications. 353 00:30:10,179 --> 00:30:14,580 Chris Marble: follow-up applications is that's because we didn't get, you know, optimal control with that first 354 00:30:14,820 --> 00:30:20,559 Chris Marble: initial post-emergence treatment. Because it's, all things considered, it's not as effective as 355 00:30:20,679 --> 00:30:26,140 Chris Marble: Finale and definitely not as effective as Glyphosate as a post-emergence herbicide. 356 00:30:27,480 --> 00:30:44,460 Chris Marble: And so this is the total cost expected over 12 months. And then this is the pounds on the ground, or basically the total amount of herbicide active ingredient that was applied. And so this is the estimated potential savings for the total cost over 12 months. 357 00:30:44,779 --> 00:30:56,639 Chris Marble: When we included basically these different combinations, we were reducing total costs by anywhere from 3% or up to 30% reducing our costs by 30%. 358 00:30:57,340 --> 00:31:06,120 Chris Marble: And then if you look at the amount of herbicide that we eliminated, we were reducing the amount of herbicide that we actually had to use by somewhere between 40% and 60%. 359 00:31:06,799 --> 00:31:10,380 Chris Marble: we were really reducing the amount of herbicide that we needed to use to get that, 360 00:31:10,860 --> 00:31:17,159 Chris Marble: still get that good optimal weed control by including, you know, a pre-emergent herbicide into the mix. 361 00:31:17,279 --> 00:31:19,659 Chris Marble: They can't offer advantage, you know, in certain situations, 362 00:31:20,679 --> 00:31:25,620 Chris Marble: especially if the primary weed species that you're dealing with are annuals that are spreading from seed. 363 00:31:25,840 --> 00:31:27,159 Chris Marble: Perennials, it's a different story. 364 00:31:27,520 --> 00:31:34,040 Chris Marble: application interval it's going to depend upon a lot of things uh the season your location you know 365 00:31:34,240 --> 00:31:38,140 Chris Marble: down here in florida you know people are going to have to use it more than they would you know a lot 366 00:31:38,300 --> 00:31:43,380 Chris Marble: further north because we don't really get a winter or a break you know production practices and then 367 00:31:43,480 --> 00:31:48,160 Chris Marble: things like cultural practices like irrigation mowing heights stuff like that is going to affect 368 00:31:48,200 --> 00:31:53,400 Chris Marble: it as well rainfall also you know higher the rainfall typically the higher the wheat growth 369 00:31:53,420 --> 00:31:54,780 Chris Marble: especially for a lot of species. 370 00:31:55,420 --> 00:31:57,140 Chris Marble: And then on a production situation, 371 00:31:57,480 --> 00:31:58,340 Chris Marble: eight to 12 weeks, 372 00:31:58,600 --> 00:32:00,220 Chris Marble: eight to 10 weeks on average, 373 00:32:00,820 --> 00:32:02,120 Chris Marble: could push it up to 12 weeks. 374 00:32:02,560 --> 00:32:03,260 Chris Marble: Then in the landscape, 375 00:32:03,540 --> 00:32:05,940 Chris Marble: you know, maybe two or three applications per year, 376 00:32:06,460 --> 00:32:08,560 Chris Marble: and you're going to get pretty good results from that. 377 00:32:09,160 --> 00:32:13,460 Chris Marble: And so landscape-specific rotations, these are kind of some things to consider. 378 00:32:13,720 --> 00:32:16,480 Chris Marble: So one is how many applications do you actually want to make? 379 00:32:16,880 --> 00:32:19,880 Chris Marble: You might have only time to make one application per year. 380 00:32:20,340 --> 00:32:21,980 Chris Marble: So where is that going to be most optimal? 381 00:32:22,440 --> 00:32:24,580 Chris Marble: And then some people, you know, they might do two applications. 382 00:32:24,760 --> 00:32:28,380 Chris Marble: And so you have some flexibility in terms of when you can apply those. 383 00:32:29,120 --> 00:32:32,760 Chris Marble: And then in any of their other cases, someone might make, you know, they say, you know, 384 00:32:32,800 --> 00:32:36,100 Chris Marble: I want to focus on pre-emergent herbicide so that I can reduce... 385 00:32:36,320 --> 00:32:41,360 Chris Marble: my callbacks or my labor or, you know, the weed species that we have. 386 00:32:41,520 --> 00:32:44,520 Chris Marble: We took over this job and the weeds were out of control. 387 00:32:44,720 --> 00:32:48,320 Chris Marble: We can't stay on top of it with just our post-emergence program. 388 00:32:48,700 --> 00:32:54,140 Chris Marble: So we've got to focus on pre-emergence herbicides to get this place back, you know, into shape. 389 00:32:54,820 --> 00:32:57,440 Chris Marble: So you want to consider how many applications you want to make. 390 00:32:57,880 --> 00:33:04,780 Chris Marble: Are pre-emergent herbicides going to be the foundation of your program, or do you want just to be kind of a supplement to your program? 391 00:33:05,190 --> 00:33:07,640 Chris Marble: And there's not really a wrong way to do that. 392 00:33:08,160 --> 00:33:09,640 Chris Marble: You know, what's the weed pressure like? 393 00:33:09,780 --> 00:33:11,760 Chris Marble: What are the weed species that you're dealing with? 394 00:33:12,060 --> 00:33:15,160 Chris Marble: And then when are those pre-emergent herbicides going to be most advantageous? 395 00:33:15,640 --> 00:33:27,100 Chris Marble: You know, is it a case where, you know, in the winter you don't have very many issues, but then in the summer, you know, spurge goes crazy or, you know, the only weed that you deal with in the summer is yellow nutsedge. 396 00:33:27,160 --> 00:33:33,100 Chris Marble: And so you just got to, you're not going to get great control with any pre-emergent herbicide, but you want an option to at least... 397 00:33:33,240 --> 00:33:34,539 Chris Marble: suppress that a little bit. 398 00:33:34,780 --> 00:33:36,620 Chris Marble: You know, you would apply it maybe later in the year 399 00:33:36,720 --> 00:33:38,700 Chris Marble: than if you were targeting crabgrass, for instance, 400 00:33:38,960 --> 00:33:41,400 Chris Marble: which is an early species to come up. 401 00:33:41,620 --> 00:33:44,340 Chris Marble: So those are just kind of all things to consider. 402 00:33:44,900 --> 00:33:47,720 Chris Marble: What is my primary goal with these? 403 00:33:48,039 --> 00:33:49,280 Chris Marble: And what is my primary issue? 404 00:33:50,140 --> 00:33:52,000 Chris Marble: Some timing examples for the landscape. 405 00:33:52,760 --> 00:34:05,480 Chris Marble: I'd say if someone had just one application per year, it's probably going to be best, you know, is that first spring part to give you a head start into the warmer time of the year, somewhere around February to March, at least in the southeast. 406 00:34:06,040 --> 00:34:11,399 Chris Marble: That's going to vary depending upon where you're at and then also the weather and where you're at. 407 00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:15,000 Chris Marble: If you had two applications per year, you have some flexibility. 408 00:34:15,690 --> 00:34:21,119 Chris Marble: I would say still that first application in the early spring is probably the most important. 409 00:34:21,659 --> 00:34:32,399 Chris Marble: Then if you had a second one, you know, if you had, if you really dealt with weeds really bad during the warm time of the year and they weren't as bad in the winter, you might do, you know, you might not make a fall application. 410 00:34:32,510 --> 00:34:34,359 Chris Marble: You might apply one in May and June. 411 00:34:34,859 --> 00:34:37,540 Chris Marble: say that doveweed is a primary concern. 412 00:34:38,540 --> 00:34:39,839 Chris Marble: Well, maybe time it for then 413 00:34:39,940 --> 00:34:42,619 Chris Marble: as opposed to September, October timeframe. 414 00:34:43,639 --> 00:34:44,720 Chris Marble: And then for that third application 415 00:34:45,159 --> 00:34:46,300 Chris Marble: or for a fall application, 416 00:34:47,379 --> 00:34:49,839 Chris Marble: somewhere between August to October, 417 00:34:50,079 --> 00:34:52,899 Chris Marble: maybe you can push even into November in some cases. 418 00:34:53,320 --> 00:34:55,099 Chris Marble: It's really going to depend upon the weather, 419 00:34:55,280 --> 00:34:57,240 Chris Marble: but you want to get it before those cool season 420 00:34:58,099 --> 00:34:59,900 Chris Marble: weeds start coming up like chickweed 421 00:34:59,900 --> 00:35:01,680 Chris Marble: and annual bluegrass and all that. 422 00:35:02,180 --> 00:35:02,640 Chris Marble: And then again, 423 00:35:03,460 --> 00:35:19,340 Chris Marble: You don't really want to base a lot of these application things upon calendar month, kind of use the calendar as a way to gauge it and plan and start prepping for those applications, but really want to go based upon the weather. That's the most important thing. 424 00:35:20,340 --> 00:35:36,660 Chris Marble: So this is kind of a generic rotation example for the landscape. So what you want to do is you've got several options here. I listed three or four different herbicide options that would be effective on particular weed species, and these are all important weeds in Florida. 425 00:35:37,660 --> 00:35:39,000 Chris Marble: are going to be different in your scenario. 426 00:35:39,260 --> 00:35:42,600 Chris Marble: But, you know, you want to look at the early spring, 427 00:35:42,710 --> 00:35:43,880 Chris Marble: you know, for your first application, 428 00:35:44,580 --> 00:35:46,560 Chris Marble: what species are you really trying to target? 429 00:35:47,050 --> 00:35:48,660 Chris Marble: And then make sure you have some options 430 00:35:48,780 --> 00:35:49,840 Chris Marble: that are going to control all these. 431 00:35:50,380 --> 00:35:51,800 Chris Marble: So a lot of times it's crabgrass, 432 00:35:52,040 --> 00:35:54,540 Chris Marble: maybe goosegrass a little bit later after crabgrass. 433 00:35:55,000 --> 00:35:58,320 Chris Marble: And then some of the other warm season weeds that germinate a little bit earlier. 434 00:35:59,200 --> 00:36:02,000 Chris Marble: So you want to time it and make sure that you're getting those species. 435 00:36:02,740 --> 00:36:06,340 Chris Marble: And then if you do a second application in the late spring or early summer, you know, 436 00:36:06,460 --> 00:36:11,460 Chris Marble: you have things like doveweed, artillery weed, stuff like that, at least in Florida we do. 437 00:36:11,880 --> 00:36:15,440 Chris Marble: Maybe if you had sedge, you might put Pennant Magnum as that application. 438 00:36:15,720 --> 00:36:17,860 Chris Marble: Sedge was the primary thing that you were targeting. 439 00:36:18,420 --> 00:36:21,920 Chris Marble: And then for that fall application, you have more cool season species, 440 00:36:22,500 --> 00:36:28,660 Chris Marble: possibly still some warm species, warm season species still hanging around that you might have to control like spurge. 441 00:36:29,329 --> 00:36:31,940 Chris Marble: But you look for those options that are effective on those. 442 00:36:32,369 --> 00:36:36,839 Chris Marble: And basically, you've got your applications when you can do them and when you want to do them. 443 00:36:37,380 --> 00:36:40,240 Chris Marble: Look at your most critical weed species at that time. 444 00:36:40,720 --> 00:36:45,480 Chris Marble: and try to pick an option that's, you know, controls that weed spectrum at that time of year. 445 00:36:45,950 --> 00:36:50,160 Chris Marble: You know, don't just choose dimension because it worked great on crabgrass. 446 00:36:50,320 --> 00:36:54,180 Chris Marble: That doesn't necessarily mean it's going to work great, you know, on a cool season weed spectrum. 447 00:36:54,820 --> 00:37:01,620 Chris Marble: So post-herbicide options in the landscape beds, this is another thing that I want to talk about just a little bit. 448 00:37:01,840 --> 00:37:05,380 Chris Marble: And really the, what I know I've talked to a lot of people across, 449 00:37:05,840 --> 00:37:11,900 Chris Marble: really the U.S. and really the number one standard is glyphosate, just spot spraying with glyphosate. 450 00:37:12,370 --> 00:37:16,760 Chris Marble: But of course, you know, I don't have to tell all of you that that's becoming a lot less popular. 451 00:37:17,050 --> 00:37:22,160 Chris Marble: In Florida, you know, it's been banned in certain counties for use on public properties and things. 452 00:37:22,599 --> 00:37:30,400 Chris Marble: And then I'm also, you know, I've sat in on meetings with HOAs and municipalities and stuff like that where people don't want it used in common areas. 453 00:37:31,119 --> 00:37:35,940 Chris Marble: So it's becoming, you know, very limited in terms of where people can use it. 454 00:37:36,299 --> 00:37:38,140 Chris Marble: And so people need alternatives to it. 455 00:37:38,420 --> 00:37:53,140 Chris Marble: And then I think even if people don't need alternatives to glyphosate, if your customers and your sites, you know, don't have any problem with it at all and understand the, you know, some of the benefits of glyphosate and things, but it's not a perfect herbicide for sure. 456 00:37:53,710 --> 00:37:56,859 Chris Marble: And you don't want to rely too heavily on just any one herbicide. 457 00:37:57,180 --> 00:38:02,080 Chris Marble: That's the reason we have a lot of glyphosate-resistant weeds is because it's probably been overused 458 00:38:02,220 --> 00:38:05,840 Chris Marble: and not enough people have rotated between different modes of action. 459 00:38:06,600 --> 00:38:08,180 Chris Marble: So you need alternatives regardless. 460 00:38:09,280 --> 00:38:11,640 Chris Marble: The most common alternative is glufosinate. 461 00:38:12,280 --> 00:38:14,140 Chris Marble: That's sold as Finale or Cheetah. 462 00:38:14,560 --> 00:38:16,580 Chris Marble: Liberty is the crop version of that. 463 00:38:17,240 --> 00:38:23,160 Chris Marble: But it's pretty similar to glyphosate in terms of it's a post-emergence, broad-spectrum herbicide. 464 00:38:23,220 --> 00:38:25,140 Chris Marble: It has activity on broadleased grasses. 465 00:38:25,820 --> 00:38:29,400 Chris Marble: and sedges, but it is primarily contact action. 466 00:38:29,580 --> 00:38:31,680 Chris Marble: So you don't get the same post-emergence control 467 00:38:31,840 --> 00:38:34,400 Chris Marble: as you typically would with glyphosate. 468 00:38:35,200 --> 00:38:36,300 Chris Marble: But we've looked at a lot of other 469 00:38:36,400 --> 00:38:39,100 Chris Marble: non-selective alternatives that are out there 470 00:38:39,240 --> 00:38:40,320 Chris Marble: that can be applied, you know, 471 00:38:40,320 --> 00:38:42,680 Chris Marble: in a similar manner to glyphosate as a spot treatment, 472 00:38:43,420 --> 00:39:00,720 Chris Marble: You know, there's things that have been around for a while, like Scythe or Reward or diquat, but then there's a lot of other products. You're seeing more of these. And look at the herbicide names, not necessarily the trade names, because a lot of these are sold under multiple different trade names, but things like Axxe, Finalsan, FireWorxx. 473 00:39:01,160 --> 00:39:07,920 Chris Marble: There's a bunch of different plant oils that are out there, but a lot of these different products, they all have different signal words. 474 00:39:08,079 --> 00:39:12,640 Chris Marble: That's something to pay attention to because they have differing degrees of acute toxicity. 475 00:39:13,240 --> 00:39:15,960 Chris Marble: A lot of these can be pretty caustic to your eyes and skin. 476 00:39:16,279 --> 00:39:23,119 Chris Marble: So people have to wear different PPE than they would with just glyphosate or some of the other pesticides that they might be used to applying. 477 00:39:23,820 --> 00:39:30,560 Chris Marble: But then another thing that comes up with school boards and things like that is that they want only organic options to be used. 478 00:39:30,840 --> 00:39:39,320 Chris Marble: So some of these are OMRI certified and they could technically be used on organic foods and things like that, USDA organic. 479 00:39:40,060 --> 00:39:43,240 Chris Marble: But these are all certified as organic. Some of these options are. 480 00:39:43,900 --> 00:39:49,620 Chris Marble: So if that was important, you know, you could look and pick some organically labeled options there. 481 00:39:50,200 --> 00:39:54,040 Chris Marble: So these things, all of them are fairly similar in that they work very fast. 482 00:39:54,560 --> 00:39:56,540 Chris Marble: They primarily work as desiccants. 483 00:39:57,120 --> 00:39:59,100 Chris Marble: And you see symptoms very quickly. 484 00:39:59,800 --> 00:40:02,560 Chris Marble: And the burn down can be remarkable. 485 00:40:02,780 --> 00:40:05,300 Chris Marble: You know, you can apply some of these on a hot day. 486 00:40:05,460 --> 00:40:08,220 Chris Marble: And 30 minutes later, you know that you treated that weed. 487 00:40:08,880 --> 00:40:11,280 Chris Marble: And it's already starting to desiccate. 488 00:40:12,080 --> 00:40:15,820 Chris Marble: And so these pictures we're taking, this is an acetic acid product. 489 00:40:16,980 --> 00:40:18,940 Chris Marble: This was all taken at two weeks after treatment. 490 00:40:19,480 --> 00:40:24,540 Chris Marble: You have a high degree of burn down on crabgrass, garden spurs, and then also bittercress. 491 00:40:25,320 --> 00:40:29,700 Chris Marble: But then if you go out to four weeks, this is the problem that you see with some of these products is, 492 00:40:30,180 --> 00:40:36,140 Chris Marble: is that because they're not translocated, if you don't get good coverage or if that weed is pretty large, 493 00:40:36,560 --> 00:40:39,240 Chris Marble: like in this case, these weeds were pretty large when we treated them, 494 00:40:40,240 --> 00:40:41,500 Chris Marble: they can recover from that. 495 00:40:41,880 --> 00:40:46,579 Chris Marble: And so oftentimes you're going to have to make a follow-up application with these herbicides. 496 00:40:47,400 --> 00:40:52,460 Chris Marble: So now bittercress, I will point out that we did get 100% control of those post-emergence, 497 00:40:52,800 --> 00:40:54,760 Chris Marble: but what you see here is seed germination. 498 00:40:55,280 --> 00:40:57,540 Chris Marble: Those are all bittercress seed that are being germinated. 499 00:40:58,430 --> 00:41:04,080 Chris Marble: But with spurge and crabgrass and those larger plants where it's difficult when you have a weed that's up, 500 00:41:04,420 --> 00:41:11,020 Chris Marble: it's really difficult to get thorough coverage because you're hitting the top part of the weed and it's not going down to the bottom there. 501 00:41:11,660 --> 00:41:29,839 Chris Marble: Here's how some of them perform. This is four weeks after treatment. This is a visual injury rating. So all of them, you know, 60 to 90% or so. We have glyphosate here that we used as a control. So all of them, you know, most of them perform pretty well on these three weed species, crabgrass, spurge, and oxalis. 502 00:41:30,480 --> 00:41:33,300 Chris Marble: But then if you get to eight weeks, this is the control that we saw. 503 00:41:34,060 --> 00:41:36,900 Chris Marble: And so they drop, you know, dramatically as those weeds recover. 504 00:41:37,339 --> 00:41:39,660 Chris Marble: And so you need a follow-up application for that. 505 00:41:40,099 --> 00:41:46,280 Chris Marble: And if you do a follow-up application, even though it's large weeds, this is another study that we did where we did two applications. 506 00:41:47,160 --> 00:41:50,380 Chris Marble: And in that case, that's when you can get really good control. 507 00:41:50,820 --> 00:41:51,700 Chris Marble: You treat... 508 00:41:51,740 --> 00:41:54,359 Chris Marble: You have some regrowth and then you do another treatment. 509 00:41:55,070 --> 00:41:57,560 Chris Marble: And of course, that increases costs and things like that. 510 00:41:57,609 --> 00:42:04,660 Chris Marble: But with a lot of these, you have to get at least two applications to get control similar to glyphosate with annual. 511 00:42:05,130 --> 00:42:11,079 Chris Marble: These were oxalis is technically perennial, but for annual species, they're small perennials. 512 00:42:11,560 --> 00:42:17,560 Chris Marble: With large perennials, all bets are off and it's going to be multiple, multiple, multiple applications. 513 00:42:18,160 --> 00:42:22,720 Chris Marble: to get the same control as a systemic post-emergence herbicide. 514 00:42:23,740 --> 00:42:29,060 Chris Marble: Then lastly, I'll just share this. So these are some selective alternatives that can be used and 515 00:42:29,220 --> 00:42:33,960 Chris Marble: labeled for use in landscape beds. So I have on here, you know, the tray name of all the different 516 00:42:34,200 --> 00:42:38,660 Chris Marble: options and then the active ingredient, and then whether they control broadleaf grasses or sedge. 517 00:42:38,880 --> 00:42:43,920 Chris Marble: We have a lot of products that will control grasses and then several that will give you 518 00:42:44,240 --> 00:42:46,020 Chris Marble: really good control of much said species. 519 00:42:46,940 --> 00:42:49,100 Chris Marble: Broad leaves are the difficult options. 520 00:42:49,820 --> 00:42:54,800 Chris Marble: And so these are all, or a lot of these can be applied over the top too for certain ornamental 521 00:42:54,960 --> 00:42:55,180 Chris Marble: species. 522 00:42:55,900 --> 00:42:58,580 Chris Marble: The exceptions to those are the ones that are highlighted here. 523 00:42:59,020 --> 00:43:04,160 Chris Marble: So these are the graminicides, sethoxydim, clethodim, fluazifop, and fenoxaprop. 524 00:43:04,740 --> 00:43:12,980 Chris Marble: Whereas things like Basagran, Lontrel, Certainty, Scepter, they might have 20 to 30 different ornamentals on the label where they can be applied over the top. 525 00:43:13,350 --> 00:43:20,440 Chris Marble: Those grass herbicides, Segment, Envoy, Fusilade, Acclaim, they can be applied over the top of hundreds of different ornamental plants. 526 00:43:21,030 --> 00:43:23,840 Chris Marble: They only affect grasses, true grasses. 527 00:43:24,460 --> 00:43:29,420 Chris Marble: So some of them can even be applied in things like liriope and mondo grass and stuff like that. 528 00:43:30,020 --> 00:43:33,200 Chris Marble: But they're great options. I think that they're probably underutilized. 529 00:43:33,700 --> 00:43:41,040 Chris Marble: People will rather try to go in and spot treat a grass around a rose and potentially damage that rose with glyphosate 530 00:43:41,160 --> 00:43:43,579 Chris Marble: as opposed to utilizing one of these options. 531 00:43:43,660 --> 00:43:50,520 Chris Marble: And I think they're really useful tools in some cases and very safe to most broadleaf ornamental plants. 532 00:43:51,680 --> 00:43:55,120 Chris Marble: So Basagran, you know, that's been around for a while, used in turfgrass a lot. 533 00:43:55,500 --> 00:43:58,940 Chris Marble: It'll control some broadleaves, but mostly used as a sedge product. 534 00:43:59,940 --> 00:44:05,160 Chris Marble: Lontrel is clopyralid, so that can be used in turfgrass, but you can use it in planting beds. 535 00:44:05,570 --> 00:44:12,200 Chris Marble: And it's really good on any weeds that are in the asteraceae family, and then also for legumes. 536 00:44:12,660 --> 00:44:16,080 Chris Marble: So things like your beggar weeds and stuff like that, it's a really good option. 537 00:44:16,900 --> 00:44:22,420 Chris Marble: And certainty, I also kind of consider it a sedge product, but it will control some broadleaf and grass weeds. 538 00:44:22,900 --> 00:44:27,560 Chris Marble: It has things like asia jasmine, liriope, certain junipers. 539 00:44:27,820 --> 00:44:31,120 Chris Marble: Those are all on the label as it can be applied as an over-the-top application. 540 00:44:31,630 --> 00:44:34,520 Chris Marble: So it's useful in some ground cover situations. 541 00:44:35,300 --> 00:44:36,820 Chris Marble: And then scepter, it is the same way. 542 00:44:38,060 --> 00:44:43,400 Chris Marble: Just some different things to consider and possibly add to your toolbox, depending upon your needs. 543 00:44:42,370 --> 00:44:42,480 Chris Marble: So... 544 00:44:44,100 --> 00:44:46,440 Chris Marble: Getting ready to close out the presentation, but I'll share this. 545 00:44:46,680 --> 00:44:49,660 Chris Marble: This is the Mid-Florida Research and Education Center. 546 00:44:49,820 --> 00:44:51,020 Chris Marble: That's my faculty page. 547 00:44:51,040 --> 00:44:55,300 Chris Marble: And so I've got a list of a lot of the publications that I've done. 548 00:44:55,920 --> 00:44:59,680 Chris Marble: And then also that herbicide calibration chart, that's all on this page. 549 00:45:00,000 --> 00:45:04,119 Chris Marble: We have several weed identification resources on there. 550 00:45:05,520 --> 00:45:07,279 Chris Marble: It's a weed ID by flower color, 551 00:45:08,049 --> 00:45:12,039 Chris Marble: a little thing that you can go and search for weed species. 552 00:45:12,980 --> 00:45:14,559 Chris Marble: And then we also have a couple of guides 553 00:45:14,589 --> 00:45:17,839 Chris Marble: on how to use weed or plant identification apps. 554 00:45:18,120 --> 00:45:22,400 Chris Marble: Because there's a lot of great apps out there, but you've got to be able to take a good picture for them to work. 555 00:45:22,820 --> 00:45:32,180 Chris Marble: We looked at all the free versions of all of them, and we kind of show you how to use those to get the best results and the most accurate results from each of those different plan outs. 556 00:45:32,440 --> 00:45:34,100 Chris Marble: But that's something you can check out. 557 00:45:34,320 --> 00:45:35,960 Chris Marble: My email address is down there, too. 558 00:45:36,560 --> 00:45:42,900 Chris Marble: I'd be happy to share this presentation with anyone and help in any way that I can for any kind of weed control issues. 559 00:45:43,280 --> 00:45:44,880 Chris Marble: There's the rest of my contact information. 560 00:45:45,070 --> 00:45:50,339 Chris Marble: And with that, I'll close it down and try to answer any questions anyone has. 561 00:45:52,300 --> 00:45:53,720 Shimat Joseph: Thank you so much, Chris. 562 00:45:54,349 --> 00:45:55,400 Shimat Joseph: This is a wonderful presentation. 563 00:45:56,060 --> 00:45:56,540 Shimat Joseph: Thanks. 564 00:45:57,260 --> 00:45:59,540 Shimat Joseph: This is time for question and answers. 565 00:45:59,810 --> 00:46:05,339 Shimat Joseph: Any questions you might have, please use the Q&A box here and type it in. 566 00:46:06,240 --> 00:46:08,420 Shimat Joseph: And we have about five minutes. 567 00:46:11,280 --> 00:46:15,240 Shimat Joseph: for like a for a minute or so for people to think about the questions. 568 00:46:15,720 --> 00:46:24,220 Shimat Joseph: Sure. Yeah, I'll wait for a couple more minutes and there is no questions. I think that's very good. 569 00:46:24,920 --> 00:46:30,300 Chris Marble: Yeah, there's a comment saying very thorough, so I either did a thorough job or everyone's asleep, 570 00:46:30,540 --> 00:46:35,940 Chris Marble: one or the other. It's a very thorough job. Yeah, it's either thorough or everybody does it all. 571 00:46:36,920 --> 00:46:40,440 Shimat Joseph: It looks like your talk was really comprehensive. 572 00:46:41,980 --> 00:46:43,180 Shimat Joseph: Now there's no questions there. 573 00:46:45,240 --> 00:46:48,940 Shimat Joseph: So there's one question about a quick review of the signal words. 574 00:46:49,859 --> 00:46:50,059 Shimat Joseph: Okay. 575 00:46:51,660 --> 00:46:56,200 Chris Marble: Yeah, so there's caution, which is the lowest level. 576 00:46:57,240 --> 00:47:00,480 Chris Marble: And then there's the warning, which is upper. 577 00:47:00,820 --> 00:47:06,180 Chris Marble: And then the danger poison is the most dangerous signal word. 578 00:47:06,180 --> 00:47:14,920 Chris Marble: And those can all be based upon several different routes of toxicity, whether it's skin exposure, eye exposure, et cetera, et cetera. 579 00:47:15,000 --> 00:47:19,140 Chris Marble: But so it's something to consider for sure with any pesticide. 580 00:47:19,720 --> 00:47:24,760 Chris Marble: In Florida, we have laws like where people can use only caution label products. 581 00:47:25,180 --> 00:47:43,700 Chris Marble: You know, for certain licenses, they can get a limited license and use caution label products to non-turf areas and landscapes. So they have to look at that in terms of their specific options that they can use. But for everyone, it's important to consider, but, you know, just from a safety standpoint, but then also the PPE that has to be supplied. 582 00:47:44,140 --> 00:47:47,040 Chris Marble: to the employees or to have on site. 583 00:47:47,560 --> 00:47:49,220 Chris Marble: As those caution labels go up, 584 00:47:49,220 --> 00:47:52,960 Chris Marble: you're typically going to be required to have a lot more PPE 585 00:47:53,170 --> 00:47:55,800 Chris Marble: and then they become restricted use and stuff like that. 586 00:47:55,850 --> 00:47:59,700 Chris Marble: So there's stricter label or record-keeping requirements 587 00:47:59,940 --> 00:48:01,980 Chris Marble: on those restricted use products as well. 588 00:48:02,180 --> 00:48:03,780 Shimat Joseph: One more question about wind drift. 589 00:48:04,420 --> 00:48:08,839 Shimat Joseph: So wind drift can sometimes be problematic when spraying herbicides. 590 00:48:09,329 --> 00:48:12,180 Shimat Joseph: So what is the maximum wind speed recommended? 591 00:48:12,980 --> 00:48:16,800 Chris Marble: Yeah, so it's going to be different depending upon the herbicide. 592 00:48:17,980 --> 00:48:23,780 Chris Marble: Typically, most of them are going to recommend, you know, not when wind speeds are below 5 miles an hour. 593 00:48:23,890 --> 00:48:25,400 Chris Marble: You know, that's optimal for things. 594 00:48:25,839 --> 00:48:28,900 Chris Marble: But, you know, some of them will allow it to go up to higher wind speeds. 595 00:48:29,220 --> 00:48:33,400 Chris Marble: It's real difficult in a real-world situation, and it's going to be variable. 596 00:48:33,820 --> 00:48:40,320 Chris Marble: You can't just go outside and tell that it's going to be constantly five miles per hour while you're treating or whatever. 597 00:48:40,900 --> 00:48:44,200 Chris Marble: But some things to reduce drift. 598 00:48:44,460 --> 00:48:50,180 Chris Marble: physical drift like you're talking about from wind coarser nozzles so that those water particles are 599 00:48:50,380 --> 00:48:56,579 Chris Marble: larger and they fall easier the the worst things you can do is have high pressure and a real fine 600 00:48:56,740 --> 00:49:01,059 Chris Marble: nozzle tip where you have just real fine water particles that are just going everywhere so 601 00:49:01,599 --> 00:49:06,380 Chris Marble: coarse particles and lower your your sprayer pressure and that's going to do a lot you know 602 00:49:06,380 --> 00:49:07,720 Chris Marble: in terms of reducing drift 603 00:49:08,619 --> 00:49:15,119 Shimat Joseph: Great. We have one more question and I will call this the last question, okay, for this 604 00:49:15,319 --> 00:49:25,539 Shimat Joseph: interest of time. So is the Marenko, M-A-R-E-M-G-O, sprayed over your gravel roads a good way to control 605 00:49:25,680 --> 00:49:28,420 Shimat Joseph: weeds throughout the year at a nursery operation? 606 00:49:28,960 --> 00:49:40,819 Chris Marble: Yes, the easy answer to that is yes, but Marengo, and indaziflam in the landscape side of things is called Specticle, same herbicide, but different uses. 607 00:49:41,119 --> 00:49:50,099 Chris Marble: But that's probably that and SureGuard are probably the two herbicides that I recommend the most for non-crop use in nursery operations. 608 00:49:50,760 --> 00:49:54,480 Chris Marble: Marengo is probably the most broad spectrum option. 609 00:49:54,550 --> 00:50:00,800 Chris Marble: You can't go over the top of ornamentals with at least the spray version, but it's a pretty broad spectrum herbicide. 610 00:50:00,960 --> 00:50:08,720 Chris Marble: It's a great option for gravel areas and things or to treat prior to putting plants onto a gravel production space. 611 00:50:08,980 --> 00:50:10,460 Chris Marble: Yeah, that's a good option. 612 00:50:11,320 --> 00:50:14,740 Chris Marble: You could rotate Marengo and possibly something like SureGuard. 613 00:50:14,920 --> 00:50:22,099 Chris Marble: SureGuard, and then if you had Sedge, you know, maybe something like Pennant Magnum or Tower or something like that, so that you're using different modes of action. 614 00:50:22,359 --> 00:50:26,320 Chris Marble: But it's a good, really good herbicide for those, for that use case. 615 00:50:28,520 --> 00:50:29,800 Shimat Joseph: Thanks. Thank you so much, Chris. 616 00:50:30,579 --> 00:50:32,859 Shimat Joseph: And really appreciate your talks. 617 00:50:33,960 --> 00:50:36,060 Shimat Joseph: I'm sure we learned a lot today. 618 00:50:37,839 --> 00:50:38,099 Shimat Joseph: Thank you.