1 00:00:00,020 --> 00:00:00,640 Shimat Joseph: Welcome everyone. 2 00:00:01,860 --> 00:00:04,020 Shimat Joseph: Uh, today our first speaker is Dr. 3 00:00:04,260 --> 00:00:05,400 Shimat Joseph: Mark Czarnota. 4 00:00:06,700 --> 00:00:07,440 Shimat Joseph: Uh, Dr. 5 00:00:07,760 --> 00:00:12,780 Shimat Joseph: Czarnota is an associate professor of horticulture located here at the 6 00:00:13,080 --> 00:00:14,860 Shimat Joseph: University of Georgia Griffin campus. 7 00:00:16,059 --> 00:00:26,240 Shimat Joseph: He received his master's in weed science from Virginia Tech in 1995 and a PhD in weed science 8 00:00:27,340 --> 00:00:29,860 Shimat Joseph: from Cornell University in 2001. 9 00:00:31,520 --> 00:00:41,060 Shimat Joseph: His primary responsibility is applied research and extension on weed management in nursery and ornamental plants and also in the landscape. 10 00:00:42,180 --> 00:00:43,380 Shimat Joseph: So welcome Dr. Czarnota. 11 00:00:44,260 --> 00:00:44,800 Shimat Joseph: The floor is yours. 12 00:00:46,120 --> 00:00:46,739 Shimat Joseph: Oh, thanks. 13 00:00:47,879 --> 00:00:48,200 Shimat Joseph: Thanks. 14 00:00:48,500 --> 00:00:49,200 Mark Czarnota: I appreciate it. 15 00:00:49,660 --> 00:00:51,080 Mark Czarnota: And I guess I'm ready to go. 16 00:00:51,080 --> 00:00:53,239 Mark Czarnota: I got to share my screen again here, I think. 17 00:00:53,379 --> 00:00:53,480 Mark Czarnota: Exactly. 18 00:00:53,520 --> 00:00:54,780 Mark Czarnota: there we go 19 00:00:55,370 --> 00:00:57,360 Mark Czarnota: is it stolen back 20 00:00:57,900 --> 00:00:58,780 Shimat Joseph: now can you see it 21 00:00:59,620 --> 00:01:00,600 Shimat Joseph: yes I can see it 22 00:01:01,800 --> 00:01:03,000 Shimat Joseph: okay we're good to go 23 00:01:03,620 --> 00:01:05,339 Shimat Joseph: and anyway hopefully we don't get 24 00:01:05,520 --> 00:01:06,160 Mark Czarnota: the zoom bomb 25 00:01:07,619 --> 00:01:09,400 Mark Czarnota: hopefully Richie prevented all that 26 00:01:09,860 --> 00:01:13,540 Mark Czarnota: Anyway, I'm going to talk about weed control in the landscape and nursery today. 27 00:01:13,980 --> 00:01:15,520 Mark Czarnota: And if you have any questions, let me know. 28 00:01:16,100 --> 00:01:21,280 Mark Czarnota: And I was going to tell you, Matt, that I have a history slide of where I came from and what I did. 29 00:01:21,800 --> 00:01:23,820 Mark Czarnota: Anyway, the next, let me see. 30 00:01:24,060 --> 00:01:24,940 Mark Czarnota: How do I... 31 00:01:27,500 --> 00:01:28,479 Mark Czarnota: Does that come through? 32 00:01:29,720 --> 00:01:30,120 Mark Czarnota: Yeah. 33 00:01:30,700 --> 00:01:31,620 Mark Czarnota: I have two. 34 00:01:32,480 --> 00:01:33,040 Shimat Joseph: I don't know. 35 00:01:33,700 --> 00:01:34,040 Mark Czarnota: I do. 36 00:01:34,640 --> 00:01:35,900 Mark Czarnota: Give me one sec here. 37 00:01:35,900 --> 00:01:36,860 Mark Czarnota: I just got to get it. 38 00:01:37,920 --> 00:01:38,479 Mark Czarnota: That's fine. 39 00:01:38,940 --> 00:01:40,020 Mark Czarnota: Okay, I got two open. 40 00:01:40,140 --> 00:01:40,560 Mark Czarnota: That's why. 41 00:01:40,720 --> 00:01:43,080 Mark Czarnota: Okay, so let's go. 42 00:01:43,370 --> 00:01:45,180 Mark Czarnota: So anyway, this is a brief history. 43 00:01:45,729 --> 00:01:48,140 Mark Czarnota: As Shimat said, I got my degrees. 44 00:01:48,470 --> 00:01:51,080 Mark Czarnota: I actually went to the University of Delaware for undergrad. 45 00:01:51,740 --> 00:01:55,060 Mark Czarnota: in '85 Virginia Tech for a master's, Cornell for a PhD. 46 00:01:55,210 --> 00:02:00,360 Mark Czarnota: And I worked for three years between my master's and PhD, or from my bachelor's and master's 47 00:02:00,409 --> 00:02:00,520 Mark Czarnota: degree. 48 00:02:00,750 --> 00:02:05,479 Mark Czarnota: I was at a plant nursery selling trees for about a year and a half, selling landscape 49 00:02:05,820 --> 00:02:10,819 Mark Czarnota: plants, and then was at the DuPont chemical company when they were, before they 50 00:02:10,880 --> 00:02:12,080 Mark Czarnota: merged with Dow. 51 00:02:12,739 --> 00:02:16,480 Mark Czarnota: And I was at their Stine Haskell location just as a lab technician. 52 00:02:17,069 --> 00:02:18,140 Mark Czarnota: And, but it was a weed control. 53 00:02:18,370 --> 00:02:20,120 Mark Czarnota: It was in the weed science lab. 54 00:02:20,840 --> 00:02:24,040 Mark Czarnota: So anyway, I work for, of course, you mentioned what I do now. 55 00:02:24,220 --> 00:02:27,660 Mark Czarnota: And I have a really strange three-way appointment, which is probably going to change again. 56 00:02:28,480 --> 00:02:32,140 Mark Czarnota: And then I cover all aspects of weed control and ornamental, small fruits, Christmas trees, 57 00:02:32,280 --> 00:02:33,280 Mark Czarnota: and orchard floor management. 58 00:02:34,440 --> 00:02:36,320 Mark Czarnota: And I also do a little bit of work. 59 00:02:37,020 --> 00:02:39,780 Mark Czarnota: And some of you might see my work I've been doing with the Christmas tree industry. 60 00:02:40,080 --> 00:02:42,560 Mark Czarnota: We've been working with how to propagate that. 61 00:02:42,680 --> 00:02:45,260 Mark Czarnota: And I've worked on a couple other propagation projects. 62 00:02:45,500 --> 00:02:47,800 Mark Czarnota: But the main thrust of why I'm here is weed science. 63 00:02:48,480 --> 00:02:52,060 Mark Czarnota: So I guess I have 45 minutes to go over this talk. 64 00:02:52,080 --> 00:02:53,280 Mark Czarnota: I'll go as quick as I can. 65 00:02:53,860 --> 00:02:57,660 Mark Czarnota: I got a lot of information to tell you and hopefully you'll gain some weed science knowledge 66 00:02:57,980 --> 00:03:01,060 Mark Czarnota: and information on how to control weeds in the landscape and nursery. 67 00:03:02,260 --> 00:03:07,180 Mark Czarnota: So before, of course, I deal with weeds and weed control, but the big thing, 68 00:03:08,020 --> 00:03:11,480 Mark Czarnota: But if you ever take a weed science class, I don't know how many of you had one, but 69 00:03:11,680 --> 00:03:16,160 Mark Czarnota: weeds are, there's a laundry list of what actually a weed is. 70 00:03:16,489 --> 00:03:19,980 Mark Czarnota: And we could talk about them being weeds that grow where they're not wanted, a plant out 71 00:03:20,000 --> 00:03:20,440 Mark Czarnota: of place. 72 00:03:21,099 --> 00:03:24,959 Mark Czarnota: My favorite is a plant whose virtues have not yet been discovered. 73 00:03:25,370 --> 00:03:29,440 Mark Czarnota: It might be a chemical in that plant that might save your life or something that we can 74 00:03:29,599 --> 00:03:35,160 Mark Czarnota: utilize for other things and as well as food, but other pharmaceutical needs. 75 00:03:36,220 --> 00:03:36,400 Mark Czarnota: and whatnot. 76 00:03:37,959 --> 00:03:38,840 Mark Czarnota: And the biggest reason 77 00:03:39,270 --> 00:03:39,860 Mark Czarnota: that I'm here 78 00:03:40,000 --> 00:03:41,599 Mark Czarnota: is because their plans 79 00:03:41,670 --> 00:03:41,980 Mark Czarnota: out there 80 00:03:42,200 --> 00:03:43,060 Mark Czarnota: cause economic loss 81 00:03:43,250 --> 00:03:44,060 Mark Czarnota: and we try to make 82 00:03:44,380 --> 00:03:45,220 Mark Czarnota: growers as profitable 83 00:03:45,310 --> 00:03:45,840 Mark Czarnota: as possible. 84 00:03:46,060 --> 00:03:46,940 Mark Czarnota: But there's lots 85 00:03:46,940 --> 00:03:47,959 Mark Czarnota: of definitions of that. 86 00:03:48,250 --> 00:03:48,700 Mark Czarnota: If you ever take 87 00:03:48,800 --> 00:03:49,459 Mark Czarnota: a weed science class, 88 00:03:49,739 --> 00:03:50,400 Mark Czarnota: some of the things 89 00:03:50,560 --> 00:03:51,360 Mark Czarnota: you talk about 90 00:03:51,360 --> 00:03:51,959 Mark Czarnota: in the first class 91 00:03:52,120 --> 00:03:52,920 Mark Czarnota: would be something like 92 00:03:53,860 --> 00:03:59,700 Mark Czarnota: And I've sat through lots and lots of weed control talks and seminars. 93 00:04:00,209 --> 00:04:10,440 Mark Czarnota: And so I've been through a lot of these where these people come up with basically mathematical models that try to predict whether a plant's going to become a weed or not. 94 00:04:10,530 --> 00:04:14,900 Mark Czarnota: For example, if you import a plant, some type of annual type plant in the U.S., 95 00:04:15,080 --> 00:04:19,980 Mark Czarnota: You'll want to know some information about whether or not it's going to be a weed problem. 96 00:04:20,660 --> 00:04:22,920 Mark Czarnota: And they always come up with these different categories. 97 00:04:23,210 --> 00:04:27,860 Mark Czarnota: And the ones I have here, the six I have here, are ones that always pop up. 98 00:04:28,420 --> 00:04:31,660 Mark Czarnota: And it's the presence of a vegetative reproductive structure. 99 00:04:32,220 --> 00:04:34,020 Mark Czarnota: That would be like yellow or purple nutsedge. 100 00:04:34,020 --> 00:04:35,320 Mark Czarnota: And I'll show you a picture of it. 101 00:04:35,120 --> 00:04:35,640 Mark Czarnota: two of that. 102 00:04:36,640 --> 00:04:40,680 Mark Czarnota: Abundant seed production, and that would be a plant like pigweed, if you're familiar 103 00:04:40,680 --> 00:04:48,040 Mark Czarnota: with all the problems in South Georgia, where one plant will make 5,000 to 10,000 seeds per 104 00:04:48,220 --> 00:04:48,500 Mark Czarnota: plant. 105 00:04:48,640 --> 00:04:49,400 Mark Czarnota: It's not unusual. 106 00:04:50,060 --> 00:04:54,400 Mark Czarnota: Rapid population establishment where that seed can germinate and grow quickly and go to 107 00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:56,080 Mark Czarnota: flower and seed again. 108 00:04:56,200 --> 00:04:57,720 Mark Czarnota: and spread quickly. 109 00:04:58,340 --> 00:04:58,840 Mark Czarnota: Seed dormancy, 110 00:04:59,180 --> 00:05:01,380 Mark Czarnota: having seed that are dormant for a long time, 111 00:05:01,660 --> 00:05:01,900 Mark Czarnota: adaptive, 112 00:05:02,500 --> 00:05:03,900 Mark Czarnota: if you have both the ability 113 00:05:03,900 --> 00:05:05,000 Mark Czarnota: to produce lots of seeds 114 00:05:05,180 --> 00:05:06,120 Mark Czarnota: and vegetative parts. 115 00:05:06,720 --> 00:05:09,100 Mark Czarnota: And if they can occupy a disturbed site, 116 00:05:09,300 --> 00:05:11,340 Mark Czarnota: like in mostly in agricultural situations, 117 00:05:11,500 --> 00:05:12,820 Mark Czarnota: you'd think of things like that. 118 00:05:13,960 --> 00:05:29,260 Mark Czarnota: And some of the problems that I run into that here's a few that I had difficulty trying to control, but this was actually the, in a propagation house in a greenhouse industry, they were growing Marchantia growing azaleas and had problem with this weed called Marchantia. 119 00:05:30,120 --> 00:05:35,720 Mark Czarnota: And excuse me, this weed was, they of course want something they put down on this. 120 00:05:36,040 --> 00:05:41,639 Mark Czarnota: And what happens is this will suck up nutrients and water and prevent the, the azalea plant 121 00:05:41,840 --> 00:05:46,440 Mark Czarnota: that's recently been rooted from a rooted cutting to getting up to full size to where 122 00:05:46,440 --> 00:05:47,120 Mark Czarnota: they could sell it. 123 00:05:47,620 --> 00:05:48,220 Mark Czarnota: There's a couple things. 124 00:05:48,340 --> 00:05:50,440 Mark Czarnota: We found actually a great product that will control this. 125 00:05:50,440 --> 00:05:54,340 Mark Czarnota: It was actually a fungicide, someone who was playing around with another weed scientist 126 00:05:54,620 --> 00:05:56,699 Mark Czarnota: that, and we started testing it and it looked great. 127 00:05:57,500 --> 00:06:02,060 Mark Czarnota: And unfortunately it didn't get registered by the EPA in our country, even though it was 128 00:06:02,080 --> 00:06:04,099 Mark Czarnota: a fungicide already labeled Europe. 129 00:06:05,000 --> 00:06:08,259 Mark Czarnota: So strange situation, but it had to do with how they wrote the legal up. 130 00:06:08,300 --> 00:06:11,560 Mark Czarnota: And it was, they didn't consult with any of the academic people, which could have helped 131 00:06:11,720 --> 00:06:12,500 Mark Czarnota: guide them a little bit. 132 00:06:12,520 --> 00:06:16,340 Mark Czarnota: And they didn't do that and they kicked it out because of the toxicology problem. 133 00:06:16,600 --> 00:06:21,100 Mark Czarnota: But here's something that we really have no, nothing we can really spray on as a herbicide. 134 00:06:21,900 --> 00:06:27,480 Mark Czarnota: And you basically have to go back to doing cultural things where you'd have to cut down on watering as much as you can. 135 00:06:27,940 --> 00:06:33,040 Mark Czarnota: Times that the plant is watered and try to keep the surface as dry as you can. 136 00:06:33,220 --> 00:06:38,200 Mark Czarnota: Can you use some pre-emergent granular herbicides to help keep it beat back a little bit? 137 00:06:38,340 --> 00:06:39,700 Mark Czarnota: But this is a difficult problem we can. 138 00:06:40,419 --> 00:06:43,979 Mark Czarnota: continue to face in some growers and propagate stuff, might be aware of it. 139 00:06:45,259 --> 00:06:49,979 Mark Czarnota: Here's one where I can control plant weeds in the top of the container, but when the 140 00:06:50,039 --> 00:06:52,720 Mark Czarnota: weep holes where the seeds come out, it was a difficult situation. 141 00:06:53,000 --> 00:06:57,400 Mark Czarnota: You could just spray this with glufosinate or Reward or glyphosate and eliminate this. 142 00:06:57,789 --> 00:06:59,819 Mark Czarnota: But I can't put a herbicide in the weep hole. 143 00:07:00,020 --> 00:07:00,420 Mark Czarnota: It's just impossible. 144 00:07:01,400 --> 00:07:07,120 Mark Czarnota: And anyway, another one in Blackberries where I had purple nutsedge coming through the plastic. 145 00:07:07,250 --> 00:07:12,060 Mark Czarnota: Most people try to use the plastic type cover and a purple nutsedge, even if there's been 146 00:07:12,240 --> 00:07:17,040 Mark Czarnota: fumigated, will survive the fumigation, the tubers will germinate and easily poke through 147 00:07:17,220 --> 00:07:17,940 Mark Czarnota: six mil plastic. 148 00:07:18,220 --> 00:07:18,940 Mark Czarnota: you can see here. 149 00:07:19,520 --> 00:07:24,540 Mark Czarnota: We really have no label product to control this and Blackberry, but we were researching 150 00:07:24,860 --> 00:07:29,020 Mark Czarnota: Sandea, which you might know as a SedgeHammer as a possible alternative. 151 00:07:29,290 --> 00:07:33,680 Mark Czarnota: And if this is yellow nutsedge, which can do the same thing, I could use Basagran or 152 00:07:33,680 --> 00:07:35,280 Mark Czarnota: a few other things to try to help them. 153 00:07:35,420 --> 00:07:38,580 Mark Czarnota: But it was another situation where there's so much of an answer. 154 00:07:38,979 --> 00:07:56,240 Mark Czarnota: This is a picture from when I was out in Oregon one time. This would be people managing grafted cuttings where they actually seeded out plants, grafted them to these seedlings, cut out the actual plant they didn't want, allowed the seedling to grow. This would have been an ash of some type. 155 00:07:56,760 --> 00:07:58,140 Mark Czarnota: I don't know which one, I can't remember. 156 00:07:58,840 --> 00:08:00,800 Mark Czarnota: And of course the weed control is fabulous here. 157 00:08:00,840 --> 00:08:04,600 Mark Czarnota: And this would be, there was hand weeding done in here as well as chemical weed control. 158 00:08:05,260 --> 00:08:08,860 Mark Czarnota: And you can see it's perfect for, this is where you're going to get the maximum amount 159 00:08:08,860 --> 00:08:12,260 Mark Czarnota: of growth on your tree with no interference from any weed problems. 160 00:08:12,920 --> 00:08:16,480 Mark Czarnota: Another situation, this is one just south of me where I live in Pike County. 161 00:08:16,940 --> 00:08:20,420 Mark Czarnota: There's a nursery called, it's Mid-Georgia Nursery. 162 00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:27,680 Mark Czarnota: And anyway, this is one where they would try to grow, for example, Southern Magnolias. 163 00:08:28,180 --> 00:08:37,159 Mark Czarnota: And you try to keep a four to six foot alley where the plants are actually growing and keep that completely weed free and just mow the alleys where the grasses or weeds are. 164 00:08:37,659 --> 00:08:43,300 Mark Czarnota: And then try to get as much growth out of these trees as you can and harvest them as quickly as you can. 165 00:08:43,740 --> 00:08:59,320 Mark Czarnota: So this is a situation where you'd want to use pre-herbicides to keep the weeds down and you might have to use some post-herbicides in other states where the pre-emergent weed control has failed or stopped working and you just have to do a cleanup application. 166 00:08:59,920 --> 00:09:02,080 Mark Czarnota: You see all the situations that you can run into. 167 00:09:03,040 --> 00:09:09,920 Mark Czarnota: But when you're trying to control weeds, one of the most important things I tell people is to try to be able to identify the weed you're trying to control. 168 00:09:10,420 --> 00:09:14,920 Mark Czarnota: And here's just a quick picture to try to refresh people or make people aware of this. 169 00:09:14,990 --> 00:09:18,960 Mark Czarnota: If you're not too versed on weed control, but for example, we have a picture of yellow 170 00:09:19,120 --> 00:09:24,360 Mark Czarnota: nutsedge on the left and another picture of chamberbitter or a leaf flower, a couple 171 00:09:24,360 --> 00:09:25,560 Mark Czarnota: of different names for that plant. 172 00:09:25,850 --> 00:09:28,960 Mark Czarnota: But it's a Phyllanthus species that you'll see in containers. 173 00:09:29,210 --> 00:09:32,600 Mark Czarnota: And we have little ones that kind of look like tiny mimosa trees if you're familiar with them. 174 00:09:33,160 --> 00:09:37,080 Mark Czarnota: It's another species, but very similar growth pattern and can be a problem in the landscape. 175 00:09:37,600 --> 00:09:42,760 Mark Czarnota: But the yellow nutsedge will be a plant that's a vegetative, coming back from a vegetative structure every year. 176 00:09:42,960 --> 00:09:54,440 Mark Czarnota: We'll die back to the ground, come back from a vegetative structure, and then you have chamber bitter, which will be a plant growing from seed, but it's only going to germinate when the soil temperatures are up around. 177 00:09:54,620 --> 00:09:57,800 Mark Czarnota: You have to get the soil temperatures above 70 to get it to germinate. 178 00:09:58,100 --> 00:10:01,980 Mark Czarnota: And it tends to be a late spring, early summer weed that you start seeing. 179 00:10:02,519 --> 00:10:08,760 Mark Czarnota: So if you don't have a pre-emergent herbicide down during that period that's active, then you're not going to control this plant very well. 180 00:10:08,940 --> 00:10:10,760 Mark Czarnota: So you have to think about the strategies. 181 00:10:11,180 --> 00:10:16,800 Mark Czarnota: And if you know about the history of the weed problems that you've had, you can start thinking about, okay, what I got to do is try to control these. 182 00:10:17,160 --> 00:10:20,120 Mark Czarnota: With the yellow nut said, you don't have to use post-emergent type herbicide. 183 00:10:20,540 --> 00:10:25,720 Mark Czarnota: And that can be limiting depending on where you have the yellow and that's growing. 184 00:10:27,140 --> 00:10:30,019 Mark Czarnota: Glyphosate will work really well on it as long as you have the right rates. 185 00:10:30,339 --> 00:10:35,820 Mark Czarnota: And you can use a product called Sandea, which I'll show you a list of these as we go forward here. 186 00:10:36,279 --> 00:10:42,360 Mark Czarnota: And that'll selectively control it in landscape situations as long as you keep the spray off of most of the landscape ornamentals. 187 00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:54,580 Mark Czarnota: And then on top of that, I'm going to try to hopefully beat into your head that you need to really consider using pre-emergent herbicides, but on particularly annual type plants. 188 00:10:55,120 --> 00:11:03,040 Mark Czarnota: But the life cycle of plants are either annual or perennial, and sometimes they fall in that gray area where they're a biannual, where our plant is. 189 00:11:02,699 --> 00:11:07,319 Mark Czarnota: It's going to last about 18 months to 24 months, the plant will stick around. 190 00:11:07,800 --> 00:11:16,100 Mark Czarnota: It's usually most plants that are biennial are about 18 months from seed to finally when they perish or die and then pass their genes on through the seeds. 191 00:11:16,509 --> 00:11:18,980 Mark Czarnota: But annuals, of course, will only do that by seed. 192 00:11:19,180 --> 00:11:22,420 Mark Czarnota: Perennials, of course, can do that from seed or vegetative structures. 193 00:11:23,160 --> 00:11:26,240 Mark Czarnota: For example, we meet bermudagrass all around and sod. 194 00:11:26,720 --> 00:11:30,740 Mark Czarnota: And then with plants like yellow nutsedge, we come in either containerized ornamentals 195 00:11:30,880 --> 00:11:33,480 Mark Czarnota: or bald burlap ornamentals or in sod. 196 00:11:33,960 --> 00:11:37,540 Mark Czarnota: And then, but plants like dogfennel, they come from seed. 197 00:11:38,000 --> 00:11:42,760 Mark Czarnota: Originally where they blow out like dandelion seed growing, bland in a dandelion field germinate. 198 00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:45,740 Mark Czarnota: But once that plant's germinated, it's going to come back as a perennial. 199 00:11:45,820 --> 00:11:49,900 Mark Czarnota: We require a very different weed control method to control it. 200 00:11:50,380 --> 00:11:53,240 Mark Czarnota: And you'd have to go back to use the selective post-emergent herbicides. 201 00:11:53,399 --> 00:11:55,120 Mark Czarnota: And we'll talk about those here in a little bit. 202 00:11:55,899 --> 00:12:00,180 Mark Czarnota: As far as the control options, you have physical removal, physical barriers, and 203 00:12:00,300 --> 00:12:01,040 Mark Czarnota: chemical weed control. 204 00:12:01,180 --> 00:12:04,560 Mark Czarnota: And these are my categories of weed control. 205 00:12:04,779 --> 00:12:06,819 Mark Czarnota: I try to simplify it as best I can. 206 00:12:07,699 --> 00:12:10,899 Mark Czarnota: And of course, I'm going to talk about each one of these, the first three very 207 00:12:11,120 --> 00:12:12,880 Mark Czarnota: briefly, and of course, chemical weed control. 208 00:12:12,920 --> 00:12:14,600 Mark Czarnota: I'm going to spend a few minutes on that one. 209 00:12:15,060 --> 00:12:20,860 Mark Czarnota: As far as physical removal, that's just tillage, mainly used in bed preparation and hand removal, 210 00:12:21,370 --> 00:12:25,180 Mark Czarnota: can be useful with annual type shallow-rooted plants. 211 00:12:25,360 --> 00:12:31,900 Mark Czarnota: That's really, in the fields I work in, that's pretty much all we can do, utilize our own as far as tillage. 212 00:12:32,480 --> 00:12:37,540 Mark Czarnota: And the physical removal also would be when encounter, we can use heat or flame. 213 00:12:38,140 --> 00:12:39,800 Mark Czarnota: That's used quite a bit in the industry. 214 00:12:39,890 --> 00:12:44,880 Mark Czarnota: It used to be a lot more, but the flamethrowers can be used in landscape situations where you 215 00:12:44,940 --> 00:12:46,960 Mark Czarnota: can buy propane tanks to burn stuff down. 216 00:12:47,410 --> 00:12:52,540 Mark Czarnota: But anyway, I was talking about heat being utilized in the soil system and of course 217 00:12:52,700 --> 00:12:54,260 Mark Czarnota: fire in the landscape type system. 218 00:12:55,100 --> 00:12:56,420 Mark Czarnota: I mean, in the forestry system. 219 00:12:56,740 --> 00:13:03,920 Mark Czarnota: But anyway, they have all, there's going to be a lot of automation come in certain situations, particularly like vegetable situations. 220 00:13:04,160 --> 00:13:10,480 Mark Czarnota: Like this is an auto hoe I took out this past January or February out of the publication I get. 221 00:13:10,840 --> 00:13:16,800 Mark Czarnota: and this is a type of situation where you're growing like broccoli they can scan the surface 222 00:13:17,180 --> 00:13:21,320 Mark Czarnota: and they know exactly what the broccoli leaves look like there's mechanical pickers inside that 223 00:13:21,420 --> 00:13:25,880 Mark Czarnota: machine they won't let us look into it because it's proprietary and uh but then you're going to 224 00:13:25,980 --> 00:13:30,400 Mark Czarnota: see these type things develop as we move forward in a lot of situations but 225 00:13:30,899 --> 00:13:34,519 Mark Czarnota: Uh, we got a long ways to go, but I think as time moves forward, it's going to be a 226 00:13:34,639 --> 00:13:40,300 Mark Czarnota: very popular thing because they don't require an insurance policy or 24 hours a day, seven 227 00:13:40,360 --> 00:13:43,660 Mark Czarnota: days a week and, and don't complain about bathroom breaks. 228 00:13:44,300 --> 00:13:50,560 Mark Czarnota: As far as physical barriers, all these are, if you really think about these are just a fabric or some type of 229 00:13:50,819 --> 00:13:53,819 Mark Czarnota: carrier on the ground to prevent the seed from germinating. 230 00:13:54,490 --> 00:13:55,839 Mark Czarnota: And that's the whole goal of these. 231 00:13:56,220 --> 00:13:59,420 Mark Czarnota: And there are fabrics, films, layers that smother plant growth. 232 00:13:59,920 --> 00:14:05,920 Mark Czarnota: There are many synthetic fabrics that allow, you want these fabrics to allow air and water 233 00:14:05,949 --> 00:14:08,860 Mark Czarnota: to pass, but prevent the weed seed from popping through. 234 00:14:09,320 --> 00:14:14,000 Mark Czarnota: and there was lots of research done on this in the 90s they're used to generally in combination 235 00:14:14,240 --> 00:14:19,460 Mark Czarnota: with some type of mulch being inorganic mulch like stone or even regular mulch that are organic 236 00:14:19,700 --> 00:14:24,020 Mark Czarnota: mulch which i don't recommend and they can they're usually about 10 cents a square foot somewhere 237 00:14:24,180 --> 00:14:29,220 Mark Czarnota: around that barrier they prevent weeds from and weeds often penetrate these which can be a problem 238 00:14:29,680 --> 00:14:34,000 Mark Czarnota: but as long as you keep the uv light off of them you don't they can last eight ten years no problem 239 00:14:34,460 --> 00:14:37,300 Mark Czarnota: unlike plastics where they six plastic is for 240 00:14:37,320 --> 00:14:41,740 Mark Czarnota: about three years roughly is what we get out in the field until it naturally starts falling apart 241 00:14:42,420 --> 00:14:47,899 Mark Czarnota: in like blueberry situations. As far as mulches, there's organic and inorganic. 242 00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:52,580 Mark Czarnota: And organic mulches would be like pine needles, pine bark, wood chips. 243 00:14:53,010 --> 00:14:59,320 Mark Czarnota: And inorganic mulches, inorganic would be like river rock, stone, marble chips, lava rock, so 244 00:14:59,319 --> 00:15:00,560 Mark Czarnota: lots of these out on the market. 245 00:15:01,360 --> 00:15:02,880 Mark Czarnota: Organic mulch should be composted. 246 00:15:03,300 --> 00:15:06,940 Mark Czarnota: Make sure there's no wood in them or very limited, less than 10%. 247 00:15:06,959 --> 00:15:08,160 Mark Czarnota: You should see that white wood. 248 00:15:08,300 --> 00:15:09,360 Mark Czarnota: That's what you don't want to see. 249 00:15:09,880 --> 00:15:13,740 Mark Czarnota: But if it is, it just needs to be composted for several months to get rid of that, to make 250 00:15:13,880 --> 00:15:16,399 Mark Czarnota: sure it's not going to affect nitrogen uptake with your plant. 251 00:15:16,920 --> 00:15:21,199 Mark Czarnota: We try to maintain the two to four inch layer of mulch to maintain good weed control. 252 00:15:21,269 --> 00:15:26,139 Mark Czarnota: We probably want to do that once or twice a year at least to keep the mulch layer refreshed. 253 00:15:26,630 --> 00:15:30,540 Mark Czarnota: And this helps maintain soil temperatures and moisture as well as adds organic matter. 254 00:15:30,940 --> 00:15:35,139 Mark Czarnota: But a big thing I used to tell and always remember is you have bare soil, you're going to have weed growth. 255 00:15:35,420 --> 00:15:36,139 Mark Czarnota: Try to remember that. 256 00:15:36,139 --> 00:15:38,220 Mark Czarnota: You have to get mulch or plant material growing on that. 257 00:15:38,840 --> 00:15:44,900 Mark Czarnota: So anyway, as far as bio control, there's not that much out there that most of us at the research level. 258 00:15:45,580 --> 00:15:47,940 Mark Czarnota: And, but there are some situations where it works well. 259 00:15:48,160 --> 00:15:58,620 Mark Czarnota: I do answer questions quite a bit on aquatic weed control, but there's, these are pathogens, insects and grazing animals can be used for weed control, but grass carp are very popular. 260 00:15:59,160 --> 00:16:04,480 Mark Czarnota: And if you have a small pond, we'd recommend about eight, 10 grass carp per surface acre. 261 00:16:04,920 --> 00:16:07,340 Mark Czarnota: And they do a really good job of controlling stuff over time. 262 00:16:07,560 --> 00:16:11,720 Mark Czarnota: A lot of the emergent weeds, a lot of the submerged weeds, and they're pretty good. 263 00:16:11,940 --> 00:16:14,520 Mark Czarnota: And a lot, there are some people I see use geese. 264 00:16:15,000 --> 00:16:17,220 Mark Czarnota: And of course, goats, I'll show you a picture of one that I saw. 265 00:16:17,640 --> 00:16:22,160 Mark Czarnota: And geese, they run them around in a lot of nursery situations, and they'll eat a lot 266 00:16:22,160 --> 00:16:24,520 Mark Czarnota: of those small seedlings, weed seedlings coming up. 267 00:16:25,080 --> 00:16:27,019 Mark Czarnota: And then pathogens and insects are hard to develop. 268 00:16:27,260 --> 00:16:29,720 Mark Czarnota: They can move the desire of a plant and have a short shelf life. 269 00:16:30,300 --> 00:16:31,800 Mark Czarnota: A few marketable products are available. 270 00:16:32,100 --> 00:16:36,019 Mark Czarnota: There was a product that called DeVine that was real popular, that was popular with the 271 00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:37,560 Mark Czarnota: citrus growers to control. 272 00:16:38,019 --> 00:16:40,100 Mark Czarnota: Florida Strangler Vine worked real well. 273 00:16:40,399 --> 00:16:44,320 Mark Czarnota: When it worked so well, it killed everything and they couldn't sell it anymore, but they 274 00:16:44,459 --> 00:16:45,660 Mark Czarnota: didn't plan on doing that. 275 00:16:45,700 --> 00:16:49,080 Mark Czarnota: But that was one of the reasons that they, like the USDA and the company worked on it 276 00:16:49,240 --> 00:16:49,360 Mark Czarnota: together. 277 00:16:49,820 --> 00:16:54,700 Mark Czarnota: put much of our investment in it, but it was an organic type of thing, worked real well. 278 00:16:55,620 --> 00:17:00,459 Mark Czarnota: Goats are one, or sheep are one, where this picture I took where they were, this was our 279 00:17:00,519 --> 00:17:02,839 Mark Czarnota: ag forest field day, probably six years ago. 280 00:17:03,380 --> 00:17:08,480 Mark Czarnota: And anyway, the guy came out from Fort Valley, fenced in an area of kudzu, and this was in 281 00:17:08,640 --> 00:17:09,900 Mark Czarnota: about four o'clock in the afternoon. 282 00:17:10,059 --> 00:17:12,240 Mark Czarnota: I came back the next morning and this is what it looked like. 283 00:17:12,620 --> 00:17:16,740 Mark Czarnota: It'll be a real good situation where you can come in here and chop all this stuff out now 284 00:17:16,950 --> 00:17:18,960 Mark Czarnota: and you can use herbicides on regrowth. 285 00:17:19,360 --> 00:17:24,700 Mark Czarnota: It would be a good example of a combo combination type attack and control on weeds where you 286 00:17:24,700 --> 00:17:28,460 Mark Czarnota: use an organically type situation and also chemical means also. 287 00:17:29,020 --> 00:17:32,480 Mark Czarnota: The biocontrol on the thistle weevil worked really well too. 288 00:17:32,900 --> 00:17:38,020 Mark Czarnota: And it was a one where you would actually release this weevil, the thistle weevil eggs 289 00:17:38,400 --> 00:17:40,160 Mark Czarnota: around these those that are biennial. 290 00:17:40,500 --> 00:17:42,260 Mark Czarnota: They would hatch out, produce a little worm. 291 00:17:42,260 --> 00:17:43,600 Mark Czarnota: You could see in the second picture. 292 00:17:44,140 --> 00:17:45,100 Mark Czarnota: It's right here. 293 00:17:45,630 --> 00:17:49,039 Mark Czarnota: And that would actually choke out where all the seeds are developing. 294 00:17:49,440 --> 00:17:54,120 Mark Czarnota: prevent a seed or really cause the seed development to not develop so well. 295 00:17:54,510 --> 00:17:56,840 Mark Czarnota: And you'd have very limited production of the seed. 296 00:17:57,039 --> 00:17:58,559 Mark Czarnota: So you don't get much of the regrowth. 297 00:17:59,720 --> 00:18:05,520 Mark Czarnota: So over about a two, three year period, these little weevils can eliminate a lot of this problem. 298 00:18:06,220 --> 00:18:10,120 Mark Czarnota: And so it worked as a good example of where bio control worked really well. 299 00:18:10,700 --> 00:18:13,740 Mark Czarnota: We might not see many of these organisms develop in the future, but you'll probably 300 00:18:13,740 --> 00:18:16,260 Mark Czarnota: see a lot of their products or mechanisms come to light. 301 00:18:16,410 --> 00:18:17,680 Mark Czarnota: I think you'll see a lot of that. 302 00:18:18,780 --> 00:18:24,820 Mark Czarnota: The first bioherbicide virus was released back in 2014 for a controlled tropical soda 303 00:18:25,030 --> 00:18:25,140 Mark Czarnota: apple. 304 00:18:25,270 --> 00:18:29,120 Mark Czarnota: That was a real interesting thing they came out with, but it was a thing out of the 305 00:18:29,250 --> 00:18:30,120 Mark Czarnota: University of Florida. 306 00:18:30,600 --> 00:18:34,600 Mark Czarnota: And the first top picture is a picture of my doctorate degree where I worked on 307 00:18:34,720 --> 00:18:38,960 Mark Czarnota: This is actually a root hair, root hair is touching the glass slide and off the slides, 308 00:18:39,500 --> 00:18:40,700 Mark Czarnota: there's this root exudate coming off. 309 00:18:40,820 --> 00:18:44,440 Mark Czarnota: So it's very similar to a product called Atrazine, which you're familiar with. 310 00:18:44,890 --> 00:18:50,500 Mark Czarnota: And that product actually, that plant product is also fairly toxic, but it does a really 311 00:18:50,500 --> 00:18:53,059 Mark Czarnota: good job of providing pre-emergent control. 312 00:18:53,280 --> 00:18:55,200 Mark Czarnota: And I spent four years of my life working on it. 313 00:18:55,210 --> 00:18:59,600 Mark Czarnota: I could tell you a whole lot of information about it, but you'd probably be bored to tears. 314 00:18:59,920 --> 00:19:04,140 Mark Czarnota: But anyway, what we were hoping to do though, is take that, the genes that produce, they're 315 00:19:04,180 --> 00:19:07,640 Mark Czarnota: able to produce that and put that in another plant like rice and overexpress it. 316 00:19:08,100 --> 00:19:10,660 Mark Czarnota: And then maybe get, get a plant to produce some herbicide. 317 00:19:11,180 --> 00:19:14,040 Mark Czarnota: But anyway, there's all kinds of problems with that, but it's a great idea. 318 00:19:14,720 --> 00:19:19,000 Mark Czarnota: This will be a picture of the thistle that we were released in 1990 and what it looked 319 00:19:19,080 --> 00:19:19,700 Mark Czarnota: like in 96. 320 00:19:20,280 --> 00:19:24,020 Mark Czarnota: These pictures off of Dr. Bunn and I can see what's working with this in the nineties. 321 00:19:24,320 --> 00:19:25,200 Mark Czarnota: And it worked quite well. 322 00:19:25,580 --> 00:19:32,800 Mark Czarnota: And usually when you work with grown-up pasture people, you might get a bush hog to be the best means of weed control. 323 00:19:32,950 --> 00:19:38,500 Mark Czarnota: And this is something that would work real well, I think, for people, particularly on these invasive type weeds like thistle. 324 00:19:39,380 --> 00:19:42,260 Mark Czarnota: It was a weed we brought in and imported it. 325 00:19:42,530 --> 00:19:43,200 Mark Czarnota: It became a problem. 326 00:19:43,310 --> 00:19:44,980 Mark Czarnota: And, of course, cattle don't like to eat it. 327 00:19:45,440 --> 00:19:48,520 Mark Czarnota: So our chemical weed control now, I'm going to talk a bit about this and hopefully I'll 328 00:19:48,520 --> 00:19:49,700 Mark Czarnota: get you something before that. 329 00:19:49,980 --> 00:19:51,100 Mark Czarnota: Hopefully you'll learn something from this. 330 00:19:52,020 --> 00:19:56,840 Mark Czarnota: But anyway, the chemical weed control is usually, it's sometimes the last alternative. 331 00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:00,560 Mark Czarnota: And it's usually combined with other control measures for controlling weed. 332 00:20:01,180 --> 00:20:05,080 Mark Czarnota: The products are safe when used properly, most of them have been around for longer than 333 00:20:05,240 --> 00:20:05,680 Mark Czarnota: 50 years. 334 00:20:06,240 --> 00:20:08,159 Mark Czarnota: They are easy to use and save hours of labor. 335 00:20:08,820 --> 00:20:12,720 Mark Czarnota: And there's some products that really have huge impacts on food production. 336 00:20:13,340 --> 00:20:17,820 Mark Czarnota: But 2,4-D, atrazine, and glyphosate, they've changed the world forever as far as production. 337 00:20:18,380 --> 00:20:23,340 Mark Czarnota: And most people don't know, 2,4-D is still, I think, number one produced herbicide in the world. 338 00:20:23,559 --> 00:20:27,580 Mark Czarnota: It goes back and forth between glyphosate and 2,4-D. 339 00:20:28,220 --> 00:20:33,299 Mark Czarnota: But anyway, 2,4-D, it works real well in row crops that are grass crops, kills broadly 340 00:20:33,480 --> 00:20:33,779 Mark Czarnota: for you. 341 00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:40,919 Mark Czarnota: And there's a lot of plants that are getting transformed to be able to handle 2,4-D applications over the top of them. 342 00:20:41,100 --> 00:20:47,660 Mark Czarnota: So, for example, if you can put a 2,4-D resistant gene in soybeans and kill off plants that might be resistant to glyphosate. 343 00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:53,220 Mark Czarnota: So, we're doing a lot of that type of stuff now, but these three products have impacted our abilities to produce. 344 00:20:52,920 --> 00:20:59,620 Mark Czarnota: or food and allow people to do other things in life, be doctors, lawyers, economics people, 345 00:21:00,600 --> 00:21:01,040 Mark Czarnota: entertainers. 346 00:21:01,340 --> 00:21:03,020 Mark Czarnota: Otherwise, they'd be out pulling weeds in the field. 347 00:21:03,360 --> 00:21:05,620 Mark Czarnota: And I don't like doing that. 348 00:21:06,100 --> 00:21:07,460 Mark Czarnota: Now, hopefully you can listen to this. 349 00:21:07,520 --> 00:21:09,340 Mark Czarnota: This is where you might gain some really good information. 350 00:21:10,020 --> 00:21:14,080 Mark Czarnota: But of the herbicides that are out there, there's pre-emergent herbicides and post-emergent 351 00:21:14,220 --> 00:21:19,260 Mark Czarnota: herbicides. Those are the main two categories we have. And pre-emergent herbicides are applied 352 00:21:19,260 --> 00:21:24,480 Mark Czarnota: to bare soil mulch before germination seeds. They need water to move or activate the soils 353 00:21:25,080 --> 00:21:29,860 Mark Czarnota: into the seed germination zone, which means you want to put these products on before the 354 00:21:29,919 --> 00:21:34,120 Mark Czarnota: seeds come up. So I'd recommend January, February for most people around here in Georgia. 355 00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:45,559 Mark Czarnota: And then you need a brain event of about a half inch to an inch to move the product into the first quarter inch of the soil you hope, because most of these products are really watering solid. 356 00:21:46,320 --> 00:21:54,580 Mark Czarnota: And then you'll get about at least 8 to 12 weeks a week control where it will interact with any germinating seeds that prevent them from becoming an issue. 357 00:21:55,440 --> 00:21:56,960 Mark Czarnota: most emerging herbicides are applied 358 00:21:57,140 --> 00:21:58,900 Mark Czarnota: anytime after the seeds have germinated 359 00:21:59,120 --> 00:22:00,860 Mark Czarnota: and they need a certain period of dryness after 360 00:22:00,860 --> 00:22:02,780 Mark Czarnota: the application. For example, a product like 361 00:22:03,080 --> 00:22:04,720 Mark Czarnota: glyphosate or Roundup, you might be very 362 00:22:04,920 --> 00:22:06,740 Mark Czarnota: familiar with. You'd apply that, spray that on 363 00:22:06,740 --> 00:22:08,780 Mark Czarnota: a plant leaf or a plant 364 00:22:08,940 --> 00:22:10,620 Mark Czarnota: it would dry and then be 365 00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:13,040 Mark Czarnota: absorbed into the plant with glyphosate 366 00:22:13,080 --> 00:22:14,640 Mark Czarnota: it's a phloem-loaded product 367 00:22:14,780 --> 00:22:16,700 Mark Czarnota: which moves around the entire plant system which 368 00:22:16,720 --> 00:22:18,080 Mark Czarnota: which is we don't have very many of those. 369 00:22:18,880 --> 00:22:22,840 Mark Czarnota: And it would control the plant by cutting down the production of three amino acids. 370 00:22:23,179 --> 00:22:25,519 Mark Czarnota: And that would be the two differences. 371 00:22:25,690 --> 00:22:30,460 Mark Czarnota: But some herbicides actually work, can work as a pre and post-emergent herbicide. 372 00:22:30,630 --> 00:22:34,380 Mark Czarnota: But there's plenty like glyphosate, which only is a post-emergent herbicide. 373 00:22:35,000 --> 00:22:39,860 Mark Czarnota: And if you spray it on the ground, it's inactivated immediately because it falls to the salt particles 374 00:22:40,600 --> 00:22:45,260 Mark Czarnota: and come off until it falls off as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 375 00:22:45,660 --> 00:22:51,940 Mark Czarnota: This is just a quick shot of what most of the seeds that germinate, we have a seed bank, 376 00:22:52,260 --> 00:22:56,559 Mark Czarnota: anything less than about a quarter inch of soil, most of those seeds are in what we call 377 00:22:56,640 --> 00:22:57,280 Mark Czarnota: seed bank. 378 00:22:57,520 --> 00:23:01,299 Mark Czarnota: Anything above quarter inch in this plant that could be actively germinate and grow. 379 00:23:01,539 --> 00:23:05,960 Mark Czarnota: Most of the pre-emergent herbicides you apply and when we get a rate of that, they move or 380 00:23:06,059 --> 00:23:10,940 Mark Czarnota: migrate in that top quarter inch of the soil where the germinating seeds, where the hypocotyl 381 00:23:10,960 --> 00:23:13,460 Mark Czarnota: usually comes out first and then the radicle comes out. 382 00:23:14,080 --> 00:23:19,880 Mark Czarnota: And then they can get absorbed on either the hypocotyl or the radicle and absorb a couple of herbicide molecules. 383 00:23:20,240 --> 00:23:23,580 Mark Czarnota: And then those herbicides cause usually problems. 384 00:23:23,740 --> 00:23:30,080 Mark Czarnota: There's some biopathway that inhibit the plant from growing well and allow the other plants to grow, canopy over, 385 00:23:30,360 --> 00:23:33,500 Mark Czarnota: and eventually these plants will die because they just can't grow. 386 00:23:34,160 --> 00:23:34,880 Mark Czarnota: It's what you hope. 387 00:23:35,460 --> 00:23:36,920 Mark Czarnota: Sometimes they can linger for quite a while. 388 00:23:38,780 --> 00:23:43,480 Mark Czarnota: As far as the pre and post-emergent herbicides, we have selective and non-selective herbicides. 389 00:23:43,740 --> 00:23:52,560 Mark Czarnota: Selective herbicides control a certain group of plants that are safe like 2,4-D and then a non-selective group like Roundup where they control everything they come in contact with. 390 00:23:53,070 --> 00:23:54,520 Mark Czarnota: So you should remember that. 391 00:23:54,980 --> 00:23:59,780 Mark Czarnota: And then just some examples of ones like we got Preen, which is a pre-emergent herbicide. 392 00:24:00,020 --> 00:24:01,360 Mark Czarnota: There's a couple of different versions of it. 393 00:24:01,720 --> 00:24:03,700 Mark Czarnota: The regular Preen was just trifluralin. 394 00:24:03,800 --> 00:24:05,960 Mark Czarnota: Preen Southern, which you might be familiar with. 395 00:24:06,300 --> 00:24:10,680 Mark Czarnota: Has dithiopyr, which I think is one of the most underused herbicide, pre-emergent herbicides 396 00:24:10,780 --> 00:24:11,320 Mark Czarnota: on the market. 397 00:24:11,880 --> 00:24:16,500 Mark Czarnota: And then we got, of course, Roundup, which is the post-emergent herbicide Roundup, which 398 00:24:16,740 --> 00:24:19,320 Mark Czarnota: has gained a lot of notoriety because of some of the court cases. 399 00:24:19,900 --> 00:24:23,520 Mark Czarnota: And then we have one called SedgeHammer or ProSedge, if you're familiar with those, 400 00:24:23,800 --> 00:24:29,700 Mark Czarnota: which can kill nutsedge that's emerged, but it can also have some pre-emergent weed control 401 00:24:30,000 --> 00:24:32,780 Mark Czarnota: on even nutsedge and a lot of annual weeds coming from seed. 402 00:24:34,820 --> 00:24:39,660 Mark Czarnota: But anyway, the formulations of herbicides are made to be applied as dry, as granular. 403 00:24:40,040 --> 00:24:43,680 Mark Czarnota: So they either put the herbicide on a granular and it's usually on a piece of, it's either 404 00:24:44,260 --> 00:24:49,040 Mark Czarnota: kaolinitic clay or it's on biodeck, which is newspaper, or it's meant to be formulated 405 00:24:49,280 --> 00:24:53,320 Mark Czarnota: and applied with water as a carrier most of the time or as a liquid. 406 00:24:53,660 --> 00:24:58,040 Mark Czarnota: So you can either create, the formulations are created to be applied dry as a granular, 407 00:25:00,020 --> 00:25:05,540 Mark Czarnota: be a sprayable or a use of water as a carrier. And sprayables can be a concentrate that's 408 00:25:05,540 --> 00:25:10,140 Mark Czarnota: either a liquid or a dry. So either one of those could be, you know, it just depends 409 00:25:10,230 --> 00:25:14,880 Mark Czarnota: on chemical manufacturer and what's the best way to formulate that product is what I can 410 00:25:15,020 --> 00:25:15,260 Mark Czarnota: tell you. 411 00:25:16,700 --> 00:25:19,680 Mark Czarnota: And then just as an example, the trade name would be Roundup. 412 00:25:19,720 --> 00:25:22,320 Mark Czarnota: The active ingredient would be glyphosate, the full chemical name. 413 00:25:22,440 --> 00:25:25,700 Mark Czarnota: If you want to know exactly how to draw a molecule, you would use that chemical name. 414 00:25:26,340 --> 00:25:30,480 Mark Czarnota: And then you could learn a lot about that molecule's charge and activity and whatnot 415 00:25:30,840 --> 00:25:31,540 Mark Czarnota: by knowing that. 416 00:25:31,960 --> 00:25:35,900 Mark Czarnota: But what I'm most interested myself in is the active ingredient or common chemical name. 417 00:25:35,920 --> 00:25:40,520 Mark Czarnota: If that product tells me it's glyphosate and I know the formulation, I always look on there 418 00:25:40,620 --> 00:25:41,840 Mark Czarnota: and tell you how many pounds per gallon. 419 00:25:42,340 --> 00:25:45,300 Mark Czarnota: If it's a four-pound gallon, I know exactly how much to put out. 420 00:25:45,580 --> 00:25:49,220 Mark Czarnota: I get decent weed control most of the way, and I can make that information. 421 00:25:49,420 --> 00:25:50,940 Mark Czarnota: I used to get a lot of questions on. 422 00:25:51,240 --> 00:25:55,440 Mark Czarnota: I was on this glyphosate product that works real well, and it's half the cost of regular 423 00:25:55,700 --> 00:25:55,960 Mark Czarnota: Roundup. 424 00:25:56,000 --> 00:25:58,220 Mark Czarnota: It works great, and I tell people to use it. 425 00:25:58,340 --> 00:26:03,060 Mark Czarnota: But if you can arm yourself to start looking at what the active ingredient is, you can 426 00:26:03,220 --> 00:26:03,960 Mark Czarnota: save a lot of money. 427 00:26:04,100 --> 00:26:05,400 Mark Czarnota: I guess is what I'm trying to get across 428 00:26:06,340 --> 00:26:07,640 Mark Czarnota: because it's just the same way 429 00:26:07,760 --> 00:26:08,720 Mark Czarnota: with like designer clothes 430 00:26:08,890 --> 00:26:09,700 Mark Czarnota: and things like that. 431 00:26:09,920 --> 00:26:11,140 Mark Czarnota: Once the product comes off pat, 432 00:26:11,420 --> 00:26:12,680 Mark Czarnota: a lot of people start to make it 433 00:26:12,720 --> 00:26:13,820 Mark Czarnota: and it's the same product 434 00:26:15,060 --> 00:26:16,720 Mark Czarnota: and just in a different container 435 00:26:17,200 --> 00:26:18,400 Mark Czarnota: for the same uses 436 00:26:18,600 --> 00:26:20,180 Mark Czarnota: that you might be utilizing before. 437 00:26:20,760 --> 00:26:22,559 Mark Czarnota: so that's something to keep track of 438 00:26:22,799 --> 00:26:24,340 Mark Czarnota: as far as the modes of action 439 00:26:24,899 --> 00:26:26,639 Mark Czarnota: it's real important for some people to understand 440 00:26:26,880 --> 00:26:28,580 Mark Czarnota: this because you cannot understand how the product 441 00:26:28,740 --> 00:26:29,740 Mark Czarnota: is, realize it 442 00:26:30,440 --> 00:26:31,740 Mark Czarnota: maybe the safety of it to you 443 00:26:32,440 --> 00:26:34,000 Mark Czarnota: and what not, but for example 444 00:26:34,480 --> 00:26:35,940 Mark Czarnota: glyphosate, it inhibits what we call the 445 00:26:36,019 --> 00:26:37,960 Mark Czarnota: EPSP synthase pathway, which is 446 00:26:38,200 --> 00:26:39,539 Mark Czarnota: production of three amino acids 447 00:26:40,039 --> 00:26:42,620 Mark Czarnota: So it's tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. 448 00:26:43,139 --> 00:26:50,760 Mark Czarnota: You might not know about that pathway or the amino acids, but the important thing to remember is those amino acids, we have to eat those to get those. 449 00:26:50,919 --> 00:26:53,059 Mark Czarnota: We don't have that pathway in our body. 450 00:26:53,659 --> 00:27:01,639 Mark Czarnota: And this is what makes glyphosate so one of the reasons it's so non-toxic to us in the environment, because no animals have that pathway. 451 00:27:02,240 --> 00:27:04,440 Mark Czarnota: So it works on a pathway that's not even in our bodies. 452 00:27:05,120 --> 00:27:11,580 Mark Czarnota: And then as far as the mechanisms by which plants detoxify these herbicides, that's sometimes called a mode of action too. 453 00:27:12,080 --> 00:27:17,860 Mark Czarnota: And for example, a lot of people want to know why 2,4-D is not, it doesn't hurt grasses. 454 00:27:18,100 --> 00:27:22,700 Mark Czarnota: And it's mainly because there's several ways plants actually detoxify that herbicide. 455 00:27:22,960 --> 00:27:25,680 Mark Czarnota: But there's this one called NIH shift. 456 00:27:26,160 --> 00:27:32,060 Mark Czarnota: which basically means that the plant has an enzyme system that can gobble up that 2,4-D molecule 457 00:27:32,900 --> 00:27:38,980 Mark Czarnota: and change where the actual chlorine groups are on the molecule and inactivate it. 458 00:27:39,200 --> 00:27:40,380 Mark Czarnota: That's what the grasses do. 459 00:27:40,790 --> 00:27:43,980 Mark Czarnota: One of the ways the grasses deactivate that herbicide. 460 00:27:44,740 --> 00:27:45,700 Mark Czarnota: So it's quite fascinating. 461 00:27:46,220 --> 00:27:50,920 Mark Czarnota: But what I understand these modes of action, like I mentioned, is how to use the herbicides, 462 00:27:51,230 --> 00:27:56,120 Mark Czarnota: better understanding of how they perform, diagnosis of herbicide injury, make you sound 463 00:27:56,220 --> 00:27:57,660 Mark Czarnota: like you know what you're doing in public. 464 00:27:57,870 --> 00:28:01,820 Mark Czarnota: You can explain this information to the public and try to make them less scared of it. 465 00:28:02,400 --> 00:28:11,200 Mark Czarnota: Some of the ones that you might really be understand or help you to understand is the herbicides would be the dinitroaniline herbicides. 466 00:28:11,270 --> 00:28:12,919 Mark Czarnota: You might be from everything because they're colored. 467 00:28:12,929 --> 00:28:14,140 Mark Czarnota: They're either orange or yellow. 468 00:28:15,080 --> 00:28:22,080 Mark Czarnota: And Treflan, which would be one, pendimethalin, Surflan, benefin, and Barricade would be ones that are in this mode of action. 469 00:28:22,510 --> 00:28:25,380 Mark Czarnota: And they cause what we call microtubule disruption. 470 00:28:25,919 --> 00:28:35,380 Mark Czarnota: And that's actually when the cells go to divide in a plant, the chromosomes go to two different, they'll divide and then they'll get pulled two different ends of the cells. 471 00:28:35,899 --> 00:28:44,539 Mark Czarnota: And those organs that pull the chromosomes apart and make them equal on both sides of the cell are called microtubules. 472 00:28:44,580 --> 00:28:46,779 Mark Czarnota: This herbicide binds onto there and prevents them. 473 00:28:47,500 --> 00:28:53,140 Mark Czarnota: from happening and or messes this whole system up and plant can't lay what's called cell plate 474 00:28:53,440 --> 00:28:59,039 Mark Czarnota: down and make another cell basically and that's why you see this club rooting on the left on the 475 00:28:59,340 --> 00:29:03,960 Mark Czarnota: corn that you see and this happens a lot in growers fields that they put somebody in a previous 476 00:29:04,280 --> 00:29:08,640 Mark Czarnota: crop put too high of a rate of one of these herbicides down and this can cause big problems 477 00:29:09,539 --> 00:29:13,000 Mark Czarnota: But anyway, they're mainly used as pre-emergent herbicides to the backbone of the 478 00:29:13,169 --> 00:29:14,340 Mark Czarnota: ornamental industry still. 479 00:29:14,909 --> 00:29:16,600 Mark Czarnota: And they can also change ploidy numbers. 480 00:29:16,730 --> 00:29:20,260 Mark Czarnota: They have to spray a high rate on the plant and try to get ploidy number to change. 481 00:29:20,840 --> 00:29:24,639 Mark Czarnota: If you're a breeder and can change chromosome number basically, because the 482 00:29:24,840 --> 00:29:29,360 Mark Czarnota: plants can't, the chromos will get doubled a lot of times because the cells will 483 00:29:29,559 --> 00:29:35,000 Mark Czarnota: pull apart and that cell that becomes stuffed, you can get a different plant to 484 00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:35,899 Mark Czarnota: come off of that if you. 485 00:29:36,020 --> 00:29:41,620 Mark Czarnota: grow tissue culture or it can even come out of some different shoots sometimes but it's interesting 486 00:29:42,180 --> 00:29:46,040 Mark Czarnota: these are all the herbicides that are available to the landscape industry these are all the 487 00:29:46,160 --> 00:29:50,660 Mark Czarnota: pre's that are available and i could talk and bully to death about all these but i'm not going 488 00:29:50,660 --> 00:29:54,760 Mark Czarnota: to do that and anyway Surflan is one you might be familiar with this one has come off it didn't 489 00:29:54,760 --> 00:29:59,100 Mark Czarnota: come off the market the last plant that manufactured it actually blew up 490 00:29:59,520 --> 00:30:04,740 Mark Czarnota: it's unavailable to the growers today or it's what you can find on the market so you can get 491 00:30:04,940 --> 00:30:09,900 Mark Czarnota: it's pretty much gone um a couple you might might want to know is Dimension is one of the 492 00:30:10,299 --> 00:30:14,720 Mark Czarnota: one of the ones that's one of the least utilized herbicides needs to be utilized more in the 493 00:30:14,950 --> 00:30:19,600 Mark Czarnota: landscape and turf industry because you can spray this in most turfgrasses on most landscape 494 00:30:19,780 --> 00:30:26,520 Mark Czarnota: situations pretty much all the broad woody ornamentals there are even some uh perennials and annuals you 495 00:30:26,320 --> 00:30:27,560 Mark Czarnota: You can use this product on. 496 00:30:27,560 --> 00:30:28,720 Mark Czarnota: It works very well. 497 00:30:29,320 --> 00:30:30,520 Mark Czarnota: And I'm very impressed with it. 498 00:30:30,720 --> 00:30:34,180 Mark Czarnota: Broadstar or flumioxazin is one that's really good. 499 00:30:34,260 --> 00:30:36,940 Mark Czarnota: As far as it comes in, this is granular formulation. 500 00:30:37,300 --> 00:30:40,360 Mark Czarnota: There are also a sprayable formulation called SureGuard. 501 00:30:40,880 --> 00:30:43,600 Mark Czarnota: And then Marengo and Specticle is a indaziflam. 502 00:30:43,740 --> 00:30:47,640 Mark Czarnota: This is probably one of those best products I've tested, but it's mainly for just the 503 00:30:47,720 --> 00:30:49,780 Mark Czarnota: woody ornamentals, established woody ornamentals. 504 00:30:50,240 --> 00:30:54,040 Mark Czarnota: But you can get upwards of 16 weeks of pre-emergent weed control out of this product. 505 00:30:54,640 --> 00:30:59,460 Mark Czarnota: And of course, isoxaben is a great product if you do sprays, but if you spray this, you 506 00:30:59,460 --> 00:31:04,620 Mark Czarnota: can spray it with a product called Pennant and get really safe weed control on very young 507 00:31:04,920 --> 00:31:07,040 Mark Czarnota: material and lots of perennials and annuals. 508 00:31:07,820 --> 00:31:11,780 Mark Czarnota: So anyway, but these are all pre-emergent herbicides and pretty much all of them are 509 00:31:12,060 --> 00:31:16,000 Mark Czarnota: available for use of container or shield-grown ornamentals or landscape uses. 510 00:31:17,180 --> 00:31:26,160 Mark Czarnota: And these are post-emergent herbicides, just as I switch gears, these are the ones that are available for the post-emergent control where you can use them. 511 00:31:26,520 --> 00:31:34,500 Mark Czarnota: And you can see for non-selective herbicides, we have Reward, Finale, Glyphosate, Roundup, Goal, and Scythe. 512 00:31:34,760 --> 00:31:39,700 Mark Czarnota: And the only one of these products that's actually systemic and will move around and plant and kill it is Glyphosate. 513 00:31:40,200 --> 00:31:41,780 Mark Czarnota: So it's a real important herbicide for us. 514 00:31:41,780 --> 00:31:43,560 Mark Czarnota: The grass herbicides, you might be familiar. 515 00:31:43,720 --> 00:31:48,400 Mark Czarnota: These are just products, grass products, these burn down emerged grasses, and they cause 516 00:31:48,680 --> 00:31:49,880 Mark Czarnota: control of the grass. 517 00:31:49,890 --> 00:31:52,400 Mark Czarnota: And so they work real well, controlling emerge grasses. 518 00:31:52,980 --> 00:31:56,040 Mark Czarnota: And then as far as selective weed control, we hardly have anything. 519 00:31:56,480 --> 00:31:59,880 Mark Czarnota: So that's why it's so important to control things pre-emergingly from seed. 520 00:32:00,520 --> 00:32:10,520 Mark Czarnota: But we have Basagran and product Image, which is still, you can find it difficult to find, but those two products used to be used to control yellow nutsedge and purple nutsedge. 521 00:32:10,660 --> 00:32:12,780 Mark Czarnota: Basagran controlled yellow, image controlled purple. 522 00:32:13,270 --> 00:32:15,039 Mark Czarnota: And that's the main reason we had those products. 523 00:32:15,250 --> 00:32:16,600 Mark Czarnota: They do control some other weeds. 524 00:32:17,220 --> 00:32:23,280 Mark Czarnota: And then of course, when SedgeHammer came out of ProSedge, that pretty much eliminated the need for Basagran and Image. 525 00:32:23,570 --> 00:32:28,420 Mark Czarnota: But that controls yellow nutsedge, and purple nutsedge, fairly well in turfgrass situations. 526 00:32:28,710 --> 00:32:32,980 Mark Czarnota: That also is post-directed application in the landscape situation. 527 00:32:33,290 --> 00:32:35,160 Mark Czarnota: And so is Certainty. 528 00:32:35,420 --> 00:32:36,240 Mark Czarnota: It's like that also. 529 00:32:36,919 --> 00:32:38,340 Mark Czarnota: And then of course, Garlon is utilized. 530 00:32:38,650 --> 00:32:41,860 Mark Czarnota: I put this one in here because it's in the Brush-B-Gon products that a lot of people 531 00:32:42,010 --> 00:32:44,039 Mark Czarnota: had a hold of for controlling brush. 532 00:32:44,169 --> 00:32:49,460 Mark Czarnota: You can paint this product on a stem like an oak or a pine that's coming up in your landscape 533 00:32:49,720 --> 00:32:53,860 Mark Czarnota: bed and it'll keep it from emerging and just cut it off and you don't have to dig it out. 534 00:32:54,820 --> 00:32:56,500 Mark Czarnota: And then that's pretty much all we have. 535 00:32:56,920 --> 00:33:04,720 Mark Czarnota: As far as the combo herbicides, these are granular herbicides you might be familiar with, but these products are used as pre-emergent herbicide. 536 00:33:05,230 --> 00:33:18,000 Mark Czarnota: Some of them have a product called oxyfluorfen in it, and this product naturally will prevent when the seeds germinate, if it's not beyond the two to three leaf stage, you can use these products to have oxyfluorfen in it. 537 00:33:18,020 --> 00:33:23,360 Mark Czarnota: that will prevent or burn down the germinated weeds and also have a good pre-emergent herbicide 538 00:33:23,520 --> 00:33:25,580 Mark Czarnota: like, for example, an OH2 and pendimethalin. 539 00:33:25,960 --> 00:33:29,140 Mark Czarnota: And they give you a good eight to ten weeks of weed control in that container. 540 00:33:29,660 --> 00:33:31,180 Mark Czarnota: And these are mainly used by container growers. 541 00:33:31,820 --> 00:33:36,340 Mark Czarnota: Most of these could be used in the landscape, but most of the sales are container people. 542 00:33:36,880 --> 00:33:42,300 Mark Czarnota: And the most popular one is probably for a long time, Snapshot, 543 00:33:43,140 --> 00:33:44,240 Mark Czarnota: And it's because of safety. 544 00:33:44,410 --> 00:33:49,660 Mark Czarnota: as isoxaben and trifluralin, it's very safe in use and a lot of plant material. 545 00:33:50,240 --> 00:33:52,600 Mark Czarnota: But these are great products. 546 00:33:52,820 --> 00:33:57,540 Mark Czarnota: And you utilize all these products, too, I should tell you, from 100 to 200 pounds per acre. 547 00:33:58,180 --> 00:34:01,680 Mark Czarnota: But anyway, a lot of people ask me about annual and perennial weed control. 548 00:34:01,860 --> 00:34:06,200 Mark Czarnota: But of those products, I just listed, Cancel, Snapshot, XL, FreeHand. 549 00:34:06,520 --> 00:34:12,960 Mark Czarnota: Treflan are very good but i would highly recommend Snapshot, XL, and FreeHand are three they're really 550 00:34:13,040 --> 00:34:20,480 Mark Czarnota: good the only problem is xl has a oryzalin that's going to be around once uh once all the stock is 551 00:34:20,520 --> 00:34:20,899 Mark Czarnota: used up 552 00:34:22,260 --> 00:34:28,960 Mark Czarnota: As I mentioned about Surflan, hopefully AMVAC is going to make some agreement with China to try to come back. 553 00:34:29,280 --> 00:34:30,540 Mark Czarnota: That's basically where we're going to head. 554 00:34:30,880 --> 00:34:32,040 Mark Czarnota: And the earliest will be available. 555 00:34:32,300 --> 00:34:33,740 Mark Czarnota: It'll be late 23 now. 556 00:34:34,460 --> 00:34:36,679 Mark Czarnota: That's not going to happen anytime next year. 557 00:34:37,500 --> 00:34:57,380 Mark Czarnota: And then alternatives for Surflan would be Pennant Magnum. I would use it from 20 to 42 ounces per acre. And you can do up to 67.2 ounces per year. And it's a re-entry interval of 24 hours. And you can tank mix it with Simazine or Gallery for really good broad-spectrum weed control. 558 00:34:58,200 --> 00:35:16,080 Mark Czarnota: Anyway, I'm going to skip. So I'm going to try to fly through this year, but the new herbicides that are out there, Marengo came out about three years ago now. And a lot of people still don't know about it, but you can use it in landscape. And if you're growing ornamentals in either containers or in the ground, that is a product you need to try. 559 00:35:16,520 --> 00:35:18,940 Mark Czarnota: And any share of a landscape situation, I'd highly recommend. 560 00:35:19,460 --> 00:35:24,060 Mark Czarnota: But also Broadstar is another great one, which is a granular form, but you can buy. 561 00:35:24,100 --> 00:35:26,320 Mark Czarnota: The sprayable form is called SureGuard. 562 00:35:26,620 --> 00:35:31,700 Mark Czarnota: And then, of course, I always spray the Snapshot, FreeHand, I mentioned to you about the safe weed control. 563 00:35:32,220 --> 00:35:35,440 Mark Czarnota: Safety, desirable plants can get fairly decent weed control. 564 00:35:35,859 --> 00:35:42,000 Mark Czarnota: And just a slide, you can see Marengo 16 weeks after treatment, a pecan study I had out how great it works. 565 00:35:42,380 --> 00:35:48,339 Mark Czarnota: The only thing that would be problems here, if you had nutsedge, it would not control nutsedge and that Marengo would fall apart. 566 00:35:49,140 --> 00:35:56,960 Mark Czarnota: Just some sprays you might be interested in, Gallery, of course with Surflan, if you can still get it, Barricade, Pendulum, Marengo, and SureGuard, they can stand all by themselves. 567 00:35:57,780 --> 00:36:04,339 Mark Czarnota: And be a great product and get weed control from 10 to somewhere between 12 and 16 weeks, even in South Georgia. 568 00:36:04,420 --> 00:36:06,400 Mark Czarnota: Just a picture of a slide. 569 00:36:06,859 --> 00:36:13,359 Mark Czarnota: When you're using pre-emergent herbicides, this would be just when I was looking at a product called Tower and I'd put weeds in the pot. 570 00:36:13,920 --> 00:36:14,980 Mark Czarnota: It was a sabal palm. 571 00:36:15,020 --> 00:36:19,400 Mark Czarnota: We control, you could imagine weeding out an acre of ornamentals like this. 572 00:36:19,700 --> 00:36:25,480 Mark Czarnota: It's going to cost you about $1,200 to $1,600 an acre to pull weeds out of one gallon pots on an acre. 573 00:36:25,880 --> 00:36:28,780 Mark Czarnota: And I can easily do a weed control for less than $200. 574 00:36:29,150 --> 00:36:33,160 Mark Czarnota: You don't have to do that about three or four times a year, which would, if you had 575 00:36:33,270 --> 00:36:38,240 Mark Czarnota: hand weed, you'd do that probably two or three times a year, which you'd go bankrupt trying 576 00:36:38,250 --> 00:36:39,339 Mark Czarnota: to keep yourself in business. 577 00:36:40,000 --> 00:36:43,700 Mark Czarnota: Just good things to remember is good weed control doesn't happen by accident and will 578 00:36:43,780 --> 00:36:44,940 Mark Czarnota: not last and takes time. 579 00:36:45,030 --> 00:36:49,119 Mark Czarnota: You never get 100% weed control with a single application on pre or post herbicide. 580 00:36:49,260 --> 00:36:52,720 Mark Czarnota: You're always going to have to go do some hand weeding or some post-directed applications 581 00:36:52,980 --> 00:36:54,020 Mark Czarnota: of herbicides. 582 00:36:54,580 --> 00:37:00,080 Mark Czarnota: But you need to think about what you're trying to control and have some plan that you're trying to attack stuff. 583 00:37:00,540 --> 00:37:02,660 Mark Czarnota: And this time of year is great because you get a reset. 584 00:37:03,240 --> 00:37:05,220 Mark Czarnota: We'll get a frost to kill all the annual weeds. 585 00:37:05,680 --> 00:37:13,920 Mark Czarnota: And that gives you a little time to adjust, get some herbicides if you need them or make a plan of getting some mulch down and using it maybe some herbicides in combination. 586 00:37:14,339 --> 00:37:18,800 Mark Czarnota: to try to get rid of some problematic weeds. I mean, you know that there's, for example, 587 00:37:18,839 --> 00:37:22,980 Mark Czarnota: if you have a lot of chamber bitters, like I showed you a picture of, you could get a 588 00:37:22,980 --> 00:37:28,880 Mark Czarnota: pre-emergent herbicide like Dimension or Marengo down during that timeframe. So if you put it down, 589 00:37:29,220 --> 00:37:32,560 Mark Czarnota: maybe an application in January, February, and again in April, May, 590 00:37:33,099 --> 00:37:35,820 Mark Czarnota: you're going to have pretty good weed control of those problematic weeds. 591 00:37:36,440 --> 00:37:40,520 Mark Czarnota: I'd love to have a selected poster herbicide for every weed we have, see it and treat it, 592 00:37:40,660 --> 00:37:41,780 Mark Czarnota: but that's not reality. 593 00:37:42,210 --> 00:37:45,240 Mark Czarnota: But currently the best way to control weeds is with pre-herbicides. 594 00:37:45,410 --> 00:37:48,960 Mark Czarnota: And then granules do provide poor control of the sprays, but are much safer. 595 00:37:49,560 --> 00:37:52,440 Mark Czarnota: And people often ask me why do they have so many different formulations? 596 00:37:52,960 --> 00:37:56,220 Mark Czarnota: But the granulars will fall through the canopy of the plant, hit the ground. 597 00:37:56,619 --> 00:38:01,579 Mark Czarnota: And then when you get a rain event, they ooze out from those granulars and then give you weed control. 598 00:38:01,780 --> 00:38:06,740 Mark Czarnota: But sprays come in contact right with the plant, which increases the possibilities of damage. 599 00:38:07,240 --> 00:38:17,839 Mark Czarnota: But sprays are always cheaper to get the same amount of active ingredients just because the fact that most granulars are 2% active, but sprays can be, the bottle you get, can it be upwards of 90% active. 600 00:38:18,539 --> 00:38:32,319 Mark Czarnota: Some errors I see, no rain after pre-herbicide applications, rained after post-herbicide applications, poorly calibrated equipment, poor choices in herbicides, and using a pre-herbicide after most of those weeds have germinated. 601 00:38:32,520 --> 00:38:34,980 Mark Czarnota: Most pre-herbicides aren't going to give you control with that. 602 00:38:35,620 --> 00:38:39,800 Mark Czarnota: And then if you're doing field applications, I do two to four applications a year. 603 00:38:40,260 --> 00:38:44,620 Mark Czarnota: If you're doing container weed control, you're going to have to do about four to six applications 604 00:38:44,910 --> 00:38:45,280 Mark Czarnota: a year. 605 00:38:45,860 --> 00:38:48,360 Mark Czarnota: With pre-herbicides, try to use at least two different products. 606 00:38:48,600 --> 00:38:52,020 Mark Czarnota: But if you use the combo herbicides, this really is a problem. 607 00:38:52,550 --> 00:38:55,720 Mark Czarnota: And make sure you have a rain event after you put a pre-herbicide on. 608 00:38:55,720 --> 00:39:00,400 Mark Czarnota: When you get in that May, April, May area here in Georgia, sometimes we don't get any rain. 609 00:39:00,860 --> 00:39:07,220 Mark Czarnota: And you put a pre-herbicide down and you don't get any range within 72 hours, you're going to start losing weed control with that product. 610 00:39:08,540 --> 00:39:12,780 Mark Czarnota: And then also two to four inch layer of mulch, like I mentioned, is a great pre-emergent herbicide. 611 00:39:12,980 --> 00:39:19,480 Mark Czarnota: In a case situations, once the plants can be, herbicides or applications should be rare at that point. 612 00:39:19,860 --> 00:39:28,120 Mark Czarnota: But you can just come back and do just manually pull the weeds out or do a post-directed application or even paint a product like glyphosate on a blackberry or something to get rid of it. 613 00:39:28,220 --> 00:39:29,560 Mark Czarnota: Those are things that you can do. 614 00:39:30,180 --> 00:39:31,020 Mark Czarnota: to get rid of stuff. 615 00:39:31,589 --> 00:39:36,740 Mark Czarnota: And then anyway, as far as only spray glyphosate on a live growing plant material, you don't 616 00:39:36,900 --> 00:39:42,160 Mark Czarnota: apply glyphosate solution to the trunk of base of thin bark trees and the herbicide applications 617 00:39:42,400 --> 00:39:47,079 Mark Czarnota: need to be dry, need to dry before rain, otherwise it's not going to work well. 618 00:39:47,270 --> 00:39:50,200 Mark Czarnota: And glyphosate, remember, is the only broad spectrum herbicide. 619 00:39:51,700 --> 00:40:04,780 Mark Czarnota: And this is just a slide here of all where you can get the actual MSDS sheets or the safety data sheets, SDS sheets, they call them now. 620 00:40:05,250 --> 00:40:12,600 Mark Czarnota: And then, or the labels, but this, the CDMS.net probably has 80% of all the pesticides you might come in contact with. 621 00:40:12,960 --> 00:40:16,920 Mark Czarnota: Otherwise, you're going to have to get contact a manufacturer's website to find it if you 622 00:40:17,000 --> 00:40:17,460 Mark Czarnota: want to get it. 623 00:40:18,180 --> 00:40:21,840 Mark Czarnota: And then a lot of people want to know where herbicides go when they break down, but most 624 00:40:21,900 --> 00:40:26,160 Mark Czarnota: of them actually bond to, they're absorbed by the clay or organic matter and hang out 625 00:40:26,280 --> 00:40:27,020 Mark Czarnota: until they break down. 626 00:40:27,220 --> 00:40:28,660 Mark Czarnota: That's usually what happens to them. 627 00:40:29,140 --> 00:40:33,320 Mark Czarnota: And if you're interested in seeing how long they, the half-life of them, which is how long 628 00:40:33,340 --> 00:40:39,100 Mark Czarnota: it takes to go if we extract the soil to see the original amount to half of what we put out, 629 00:40:39,800 --> 00:40:41,380 Mark Czarnota: A lot of people might be interested in this. 630 00:40:41,580 --> 00:40:46,260 Mark Czarnota: Glyphosate takes about 50 days to break to get about half of what you put down to go. 631 00:40:46,800 --> 00:40:50,240 Mark Czarnota: And then you probably need two or three half-lives until you can't get it. 632 00:40:50,270 --> 00:40:52,000 Mark Czarnota: And you couldn't extract it anymore. 633 00:40:52,580 --> 00:40:53,780 Mark Czarnota: But 2,4-D is about 10. 634 00:40:54,160 --> 00:40:55,840 Mark Czarnota: Post herbicides about five. 635 00:40:56,210 --> 00:40:58,900 Mark Czarnota: And glufosinate might be, right, whether it's only about seven days. 636 00:40:59,050 --> 00:41:00,300 Mark Czarnota: It breaks down very quickly. 637 00:41:00,859 --> 00:41:04,059 Mark Czarnota: So on the organic products that are out there, they're all burned down products. 638 00:41:04,220 --> 00:41:09,339 Mark Czarnota: And the last time I checked, which is less than a year ago, there was acetic acid, all the 639 00:41:09,460 --> 00:41:14,140 Mark Czarnota: these, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, burned down type products that are either 640 00:41:14,440 --> 00:41:15,140 Mark Czarnota: oils or acids. 641 00:41:15,760 --> 00:41:19,359 Mark Czarnota: And then you also pre-emergent, the only pre-emergent herbicide we have. 642 00:41:19,720 --> 00:41:27,540 Mark Czarnota: is corn gluten, put it down at about 2,000 pounds an acre, which obviously is not useful here, but 643 00:41:27,600 --> 00:41:34,200 Mark Czarnota: it could be useful if you're working out in Iowa where they produce a lot of corn. And then glyphosate, 644 00:41:34,400 --> 00:41:39,940 Mark Czarnota: lots of new formulations that keep coming out, if it's a four-pound gallon or the 41% 645 00:41:40,200 --> 00:41:43,100 Mark Czarnota: active, you use it between a quarter of a 10% solution. 646 00:41:43,740 --> 00:41:45,380 Mark Czarnota: but 2% kill almost everything. 647 00:41:46,060 --> 00:41:46,920 Mark Czarnota: If you're wicking it on, 648 00:41:47,070 --> 00:41:50,560 Mark Czarnota: you want to use 25 to 50% and then stuff. 649 00:41:50,660 --> 00:41:53,880 Mark Czarnota: She can use a 50 or a hundred percent solution to kill weeds. 650 00:41:54,500 --> 00:41:55,680 Mark Czarnota: And then I don't, 651 00:41:55,760 --> 00:41:56,300 Mark Czarnota: I'm going to go, 652 00:41:56,440 --> 00:41:57,620 Mark Czarnota: I'm not going to go through this, 653 00:41:57,720 --> 00:42:02,460 Mark Czarnota: but let's say basically came under scrutiny and it's still a problem. 654 00:42:02,680 --> 00:42:05,260 Mark Czarnota: There's lots of lawsuits out there has settled with them. 655 00:42:05,260 --> 00:42:05,620 Mark Czarnota: I think, 656 00:42:05,740 --> 00:42:05,900 Mark Czarnota: but, 657 00:42:06,140 --> 00:42:08,279 Mark Czarnota: A lot of people asked me if glyphosate is safe. 658 00:42:08,630 --> 00:42:14,920 Mark Czarnota: They found out there was, in 2017, the Journal of the National Cancer Institute reviewed glyphosate 659 00:42:14,920 --> 00:42:25,160 Mark Czarnota: of 44,932 licensed applicators of glyphosate, North Carolina, Iowa, 5,779 indicate incidents 660 00:42:25,190 --> 00:42:32,599 Mark Czarnota: of cancer were out of these 44,000 were noted, but it's no different than the national average 661 00:42:32,819 --> 00:42:34,839 Mark Czarnota: background actually of people getting cancer. 662 00:42:35,340 --> 00:42:43,980 Mark Czarnota: So there's really no association between glyphosate and any solid tumor or lymphoid malignancies overall is what they concluded. 663 00:42:44,660 --> 00:42:46,420 Mark Czarnota: And a lot of people ask me, is glyphosate safe? 664 00:42:46,760 --> 00:42:47,640 Mark Czarnota: It's a registered product. 665 00:42:47,960 --> 00:42:54,380 Mark Czarnota: It goes under heavy scrutiny from the US EPA and European EPA for human toxicity, environmental impact. 666 00:42:55,080 --> 00:42:59,880 Mark Czarnota: And if used correctly, the evidence is that glyphosate is not likely to cause issues with us. 667 00:43:00,340 --> 00:43:07,220 Mark Czarnota: So anyway, if you're interested in that, and if you spray continually like glyphosate on the base of crape myrtles, it's kind of damaging. 668 00:43:07,400 --> 00:43:08,660 Mark Czarnota: We call it bud blasting. 669 00:43:09,280 --> 00:43:16,220 Mark Czarnota: And if you have glyphosate mixed in your tank, there's a picture of hydrangea below guys showing you the difference in the bud. 670 00:43:16,220 --> 00:43:18,140 Mark Czarnota: But this will be an example of the guy above. 671 00:43:18,360 --> 00:43:23,580 Mark Czarnota: holding it this would be a sublethal dose plant still comes out looks terrible and people want to 672 00:43:23,580 --> 00:43:27,360 Mark Czarnota: ask me how long is it going to take for that plant to come out the picture of the crepe myrtle on the 673 00:43:27,480 --> 00:43:32,300 Mark Czarnota: left it needs to be torn out replanted the picture of the hydrangea on the bottom if you prune that 674 00:43:32,380 --> 00:43:35,340 Mark Czarnota: back it'd probably come back in uh probably two months 675 00:43:36,079 --> 00:43:43,280 Mark Czarnota: And then anyway, the surfactants, just make sure if you have to use a surfactant or an adjutant is what the umbrella is that you use it. 676 00:43:43,579 --> 00:43:49,880 Mark Czarnota: You can decrease activity from 20 to 40% if you're not using an adjutant when you need to. 677 00:43:50,320 --> 00:43:52,140 Mark Czarnota: And then people often ask about stump control. 678 00:43:52,480 --> 00:43:57,700 Mark Czarnota: Don't forget you can apply glyphosate as a paint, selectively apply it so you don't have to spray it. 679 00:43:57,940 --> 00:44:00,920 Mark Czarnota: and keep it away, but you could paint glyphosate on a, for example, or a 680 00:44:00,920 --> 00:44:03,680 Mark Czarnota: triclopyr on a piece of, and that'll kill that plant. 681 00:44:03,779 --> 00:44:06,180 Mark Czarnota: 90% of the time, that thing's not even going to re-bud. 682 00:44:06,400 --> 00:44:08,220 Mark Czarnota: If it re-buds, it's not going to be happy. 683 00:44:09,359 --> 00:44:11,339 Mark Czarnota: And, but there's lots of new stuff going on. 684 00:44:11,520 --> 00:44:15,359 Mark Czarnota: And impregnated mulches were released back in 2012 with gly... 685 00:44:15,359 --> 00:44:18,920 Mark Czarnota: They actually have Surflan on, you can buy them, and I've seen them available at 686 00:44:19,039 --> 00:44:19,960 Mark Czarnota: Home Depot on Lowe's. 687 00:44:20,339 --> 00:44:23,520 Mark Czarnota: There's going to be better herbicide formulations, vehicles for, for 688 00:44:23,750 --> 00:44:24,880 Mark Czarnota: slow release herbicides. 689 00:44:25,420 --> 00:44:28,740 Mark Czarnota: Our common target is targeting weeds with herbicides. 690 00:44:29,079 --> 00:44:30,540 Mark Czarnota: That I could see being a big issue. 691 00:44:30,839 --> 00:44:32,400 Mark Czarnota: There's laser machines out now. 692 00:44:32,740 --> 00:44:34,820 Mark Czarnota: And I showed you a picture of the mechanical picker. 693 00:44:35,160 --> 00:44:36,119 Mark Czarnota: And that's all I have. 694 00:44:36,140 --> 00:44:37,260 Mark Czarnota: I'm sorry I lost you. 695 00:44:37,260 --> 00:44:39,020 Mark Czarnota: I would have been a little bit slower. 696 00:44:39,280 --> 00:44:40,760 Mark Czarnota: But anyway, does anybody have any questions? 697 00:44:40,960 --> 00:44:41,420 Shimat Joseph: Do you have time? 698 00:44:41,619 --> 00:44:42,339 Shimat Joseph: I'd be happy to answer. 699 00:44:43,020 --> 00:44:44,480 Shimat Joseph: Thank you so much, Mark. 700 00:44:44,800 --> 00:44:51,500 Shimat Joseph: Is it anybody has any questions, please, you can use the Q&A box and type it there. 701 00:44:52,320 --> 00:44:52,980 Shimat Joseph: And I can ask. 702 00:44:53,180 --> 00:44:54,600 Shimat Joseph: It looks like we have a question. 703 00:44:54,870 --> 00:45:01,100 Shimat Joseph: So this is from Robert, asking, having a difficult time with torpedograss, what would 704 00:45:01,100 --> 00:45:02,600 Shimat Joseph: you recommend to control? 705 00:45:04,360 --> 00:45:04,800 Mark Czarnota: Okay. 706 00:45:05,110 --> 00:45:07,100 Mark Czarnota: I guess you had, I guess I can repeat the question. 707 00:45:07,500 --> 00:45:09,120 Mark Czarnota: Guy has trouble with torpedograss. 708 00:45:09,980 --> 00:45:10,900 Mark Czarnota: Oh, that's a great question. 709 00:45:11,320 --> 00:45:12,600 Mark Czarnota: And I have an answer for you. 710 00:45:12,600 --> 00:45:15,300 Mark Czarnota: I don't know what it's growing in, but there's a product actually called 711 00:45:15,540 --> 00:45:18,820 Mark Czarnota: DRIVE that works really well on torpedograss. 712 00:45:19,420 --> 00:45:35,240 Mark Czarnota: And you drive is not labeled yet for use in overtop ornamentals, but we're working on a label for that or that we're, I don't know where it got to, but we actually got it for weed control in blueberries and blackberry, but it does control torpedograss very well. 713 00:45:35,580 --> 00:45:37,460 Mark Czarnota: And I don't know if that would be an option for you. 714 00:45:37,480 --> 00:45:39,860 Mark Czarnota: I don't know where it's growing in turfgrass or in ornamentals. 715 00:45:39,980 --> 00:45:43,260 Mark Czarnota: But I've done some studies with it at the university here. 716 00:45:43,579 --> 00:45:46,279 Mark Czarnota: The product drive, quinclorac, you would have known. 717 00:45:46,720 --> 00:45:49,480 Mark Czarnota: It's fairly safe on most woody type ornamentals. 718 00:45:49,700 --> 00:45:51,260 Mark Czarnota: But again, it's not labeled. 719 00:45:51,420 --> 00:45:53,339 Mark Czarnota: You'd have to do experiments yourself to decide. 720 00:45:53,680 --> 00:45:55,380 Mark Czarnota: It wouldn't be a label application. 721 00:45:57,000 --> 00:46:00,539 Mark Czarnota: You'd have to just try it out and see how it works and then hopefully we get a label for it. 722 00:46:01,119 --> 00:46:03,260 Shimat Joseph: We have time for one more question. 723 00:46:03,410 --> 00:46:09,480 Shimat Joseph: I think the other question that popped up is a control of Virginia buttonweed in turfgrass. 724 00:46:10,839 --> 00:46:11,880 Shimat Joseph: Do you have any other conditions? 725 00:46:13,079 --> 00:46:18,940 Mark Czarnota: Yeah, buttonweed, I don't do turfgrass, buttonweed, weed control, most of the time you can use 726 00:46:19,220 --> 00:46:24,859 Mark Czarnota: It depends on the turfgrass variety, but you can use atrazine or there's a couple other 727 00:46:25,400 --> 00:46:28,440 Mark Czarnota: of the products like Revolver or Manor or Monument. 728 00:46:28,859 --> 00:46:30,800 Mark Czarnota: They have some activity on that plant. 729 00:46:31,220 --> 00:46:33,900 Mark Czarnota: It's a very difficult plant to control in turfgrass. 730 00:46:34,040 --> 00:46:38,180 Mark Czarnota: And even if you get it creeping into the landscape bed, which often happens, it can be difficult. 731 00:46:38,560 --> 00:46:42,400 Mark Czarnota: But, you know, in turfgrass, atrazine is probably the cheapest way to go. 732 00:46:42,579 --> 00:46:48,040 Mark Czarnota: If you do probably two applications of a quart per acre each time, if you use the four pound 733 00:46:48,240 --> 00:46:48,400 Mark Czarnota: gallon. 734 00:46:49,020 --> 00:46:54,620 Mark Czarnota: But anyway, Patrick would be McCullough, Dr. McCullough, or I call him Patrick or he can call him Pat too, I'm sure. 735 00:46:54,690 --> 00:46:58,980 Mark Czarnota: But he does turfgrass weed control, but that's a big perennial problem. 736 00:46:59,480 --> 00:47:09,680 Mark Czarnota: And that's a plant too that sometimes over winters, as we get global warming, you know, a lot of these plants that sometimes aren't, are just annuals are starting to be perennial because they're not getting killed back. 737 00:47:09,690 --> 00:47:11,820 Mark Czarnota: And that's one I'm saying starting to. 738 00:47:12,220 --> 00:47:14,079 Mark Czarnota: make it through South Georgia winters. 739 00:47:14,529 --> 00:47:17,640 Mark Czarnota: But atrazine, again, for turfgrass would be probably the cheapest route 740 00:47:17,730 --> 00:47:21,520 Mark Czarnota: if you've got Bermuda or zoysia or turfgrass that atrazine can help. 741 00:47:21,960 --> 00:47:23,700 Shimat Joseph: I will take one more question. 742 00:47:25,319 --> 00:47:28,599 Shimat Joseph: So this is from, what is your recommendation for selective control 743 00:47:28,670 --> 00:47:31,579 Shimat Joseph: of bermudagrass in ornamentals? 744 00:47:33,619 --> 00:47:39,599 Mark Czarnota: okay that's another great question uh when you anytime you have bermudagrass creeping into your 745 00:47:39,820 --> 00:47:45,420 Mark Czarnota: ornamentals i really tell people probably the best product that that i that's out there currently 746 00:47:45,960 --> 00:47:50,040 Mark Czarnota: that gives you the best activity but there really isn't much difference between all the grass herbicides 747 00:47:50,839 --> 00:47:55,980 Mark Czarnota: it would be the clethodim or the envoy product that one works really well and it'll beat back 748 00:47:56,099 --> 00:47:57,940 Mark Czarnota: the bermudagrass probably for a 749 00:47:58,280 --> 00:48:01,860 Mark Czarnota: old for you, you probably get three, four months before you have to do a retreat. 750 00:48:02,580 --> 00:48:08,360 Mark Czarnota: And basically, for example, if you have junipers and bermudagrass creeping into it, that's 751 00:48:08,360 --> 00:48:10,160 Mark Czarnota: a really good option to do that. 752 00:48:10,220 --> 00:48:15,060 Mark Czarnota: You just spray that band where the bermudagrass is meeting with junipers and it'll do 753 00:48:15,060 --> 00:48:16,840 Mark Czarnota: a good job of keeping that back. 754 00:48:17,520 --> 00:48:19,820 Mark Czarnota: But any of them work okay. 755 00:48:20,620 --> 00:48:28,380 Mark Czarnota: We would have Segment, Envoy, Fusilade, which would be DX, and you can buy that as GraspiGuard also. 756 00:48:28,920 --> 00:48:30,940 Mark Czarnota: Those three products all work fairly well. 757 00:48:31,400 --> 00:48:36,940 Mark Czarnota: But clethodim probably gives you about 10%, 15% better activity, if I had to tell you that, from what I've seen. 758 00:48:37,500 --> 00:48:40,240 Mark Czarnota: But Glyphosate works really well if you get the rates high enough. 759 00:48:40,480 --> 00:48:43,320 Mark Czarnota: But of course, you can't use that selectively like you can't in the grass herbicide. 760 00:48:43,470 --> 00:48:45,500 Mark Czarnota: So if you spray that over top, [laughing] 761 00:48:45,880 --> 00:48:46,660 Mark Czarnota: you're not going to be happy. 762 00:48:46,860 --> 00:48:50,380 Mark Czarnota: It'll kill both the bermudagrass and any desirable plant that you want. 763 00:48:51,040 --> 00:48:51,940 Mark Czarnota: But that's a great question. 764 00:48:52,200 --> 00:48:53,840 Mark Czarnota: That's often a big question, I guess. 765 00:48:55,460 --> 00:48:59,020 Shimat Joseph: Yeah, Mark, it looks like we have more questions popping in, 766 00:48:59,200 --> 00:49:03,680 Shimat Joseph: but I would say we need to wind up now for the next speaker. 767 00:49:04,380 --> 00:49:05,160 Mark Czarnota: All right, I'm sorry. 768 00:49:05,340 --> 00:49:06,880 Mark Czarnota: I'm sorry it dropped me. 769 00:49:07,060 --> 00:49:08,180 Mark Czarnota: I'm on a satellite at home. 770 00:49:08,600 --> 00:49:11,420 Mark Czarnota: I'm on a satellite at home, Shimat, so sometimes that happens. 771 00:49:11,720 --> 00:49:17,119 Mark Czarnota: and I'm going to update my computer this weekend. 772 00:49:15,380 --> 00:49:15,480 Mark Czarnota: Yeah. 773 00:49:17,329 --> 00:49:18,980 Mark Czarnota: So I have a much better video card. 774 00:49:19,880 --> 00:49:20,720 Mark Czarnota: So anyway, that's good. 775 00:49:20,900 --> 00:49:21,440 Mark Czarnota: Thanks for having me. 776 00:49:21,640 --> 00:49:23,380 Mark Czarnota: Hopefully, thank you so much. 777 00:49:23,720 --> 00:49:25,720 Shimat Joseph: Thank you so much for the presentation today. 778 00:49:25,910 --> 00:49:26,000 Shimat Joseph: Okay. 779 00:49:27,280 --> 00:49:27,500 Mark Czarnota: Okay. 780 00:49:27,720 --> 00:49:31,680 Mark Czarnota: And they can give them my email and I could try to answer their questions if they want to. 781 00:49:31,970 --> 00:49:32,800 Mark Czarnota: I guess you'll give them that. 782 00:49:33,040 --> 00:49:33,220 Rich Braman: Nice. 783 00:49:33,700 --> 00:49:49,680 Rich Braman: Right. Yeah, we can do that. Anyone who didn't get a chance to have their question passed to Mark, if you go ahead and follow up with him in email and we can pass that out today at the end. Just go ahead and do that. 784 00:49:52,039 --> 00:49:52,680 Shimat Joseph: so we give day 785 00:49:54,520 --> 00:49:59,099 Rich Braman: thanks for help richie too i appreciate that you bet all right folks we're going to go ahead 786 00:49:59,319 --> 00:50:05,859 Rich Braman: and jump to break now for just a little bit under five minutes thank you mark have a good day