1 00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:00,720 Gabrielle LaTora: We have Dr. 2 00:00:00,720 --> 00:00:05,840 Gabrielle LaTora: Kate Cassity-Duffey from University of Georgia's Department of Horticulture. 3 00:00:05,840 --> 00:00:06,400 Gabrielle LaTora: So Dr. 4 00:00:06,400 --> 00:00:12,320 Gabrielle LaTora: Cassity-Duffey, I think that you have an intro video coming up, and then the floor is yours. 5 00:00:12,400 --> 00:00:12,799 Bethany Harris: Dr. 6 00:00:12,799 --> 00:00:20,080 Bethany Harris: Kate Cassity-Duffey is a University of Georgia horticulturist specializing in organic vegetable and cut flower production 7 00:00:20,060 --> 00:00:22,939 Bethany Harris: with a focus on soil fertility and nutrient cycling. 8 00:00:22,939 --> 00:00:32,300 Bethany Harris: She teaches, conducts research, and provides outreach to farmers and extension educators across Georgia and the Southeast, working to make organic production more profitable. 9 00:00:32,300 --> 00:00:33,739 Bethany Harris: Today she highlights 10 00:00:33,680 --> 00:00:36,320 Bethany Harris: field-grown sunflowers and lisianthus. 11 00:00:36,640 --> 00:00:37,359 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Hey y'all. 12 00:00:37,359 --> 00:00:42,399 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Thank you so much for having me and that was great to hear what's coming out of the University of Tennessee. 13 00:00:42,399 --> 00:00:48,000 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So I'm going to give you part one of my presentation today since we're having some technical issues. 14 00:00:47,560 --> 00:00:50,440 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And I'm actually going to talk about snapdragons. 15 00:00:50,440 --> 00:00:52,200 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So we've been doing some work on snapdragons. 16 00:00:52,200 --> 00:00:54,040 Kate Cassity-Duffey: I'm going to share my screen. 17 00:00:54,040 --> 00:00:56,680 Kate Cassity-Duffey: I'm assuming you guys can all see that. 18 00:00:56,300 --> 00:00:58,780 Kate Cassity-Duffey: I'm Kate Cassity-Duffey at the University of Georgia. 19 00:00:58,780 --> 00:01:07,020 Kate Cassity-Duffey: I'm really a soil scientist by trade, but work a lot with organic producers, and that's how I got involved in cut flower production. 20 00:01:06,480 --> 00:01:12,560 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So I'm going to talk to you about organic production and how cut flowers play into that and how that might be different than conventional production. 21 00:01:12,800 --> 00:01:14,560 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Talk about our snapdragon trials. 22 00:01:14,720 --> 00:01:19,040 Kate Cassity-Duffey: We've done two different trials this year, one looking at the high tunnel versus the field 23 00:01:18,780 --> 00:01:22,780 Kate Cassity-Duffey: and one looking at eight different cultivars and two different plant dates. 24 00:01:22,780 --> 00:01:32,140 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And then later on I'll talk to you guys about our work looking at lisianthus and then also sunflowers and organic fertility, which I think will play well into Celeste and Natalie's work. 25 00:01:32,120 --> 00:01:33,960 Kate Cassity-Duffey: All right, so organic production. 26 00:01:33,960 --> 00:01:39,960 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So I primarily work in vegetables, but I work with a lot of small to mid-sized scale diversified vegetable growers 27 00:01:39,600 --> 00:01:43,520 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And as we've talked about, we see this increasing interest in cut flower production. 28 00:01:43,520 --> 00:01:48,799 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And so many of our growers are adding them on as a value-added product to their vegetable production. 29 00:01:48,799 --> 00:01:54,000 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And I'm finding that over time this is making up a larger proportion of their production. 30 00:01:53,620 --> 00:01:58,660 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So it's a part of CSAs, it helps bring people to the table at the farmers market. 31 00:01:58,660 --> 00:02:04,900 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Our growers can get a premium with local florists, and consumers often want locally produced flowers. 32 00:02:04,360 --> 00:02:06,520 Kate Cassity-Duffey: But how can that be done in organic systems? 33 00:02:06,520 --> 00:02:10,679 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Most of our information is actually done in conventional systems. 34 00:02:10,679 --> 00:02:11,560 Kate Cassity-Duffey: All right. 35 00:02:11,560 --> 00:02:12,200 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So in 36 00:02:12,640 --> 00:02:14,560 Kate Cassity-Duffey: our organic cut flower systems. 37 00:02:14,560 --> 00:02:17,920 Kate Cassity-Duffey: We often produce them in the greenhouses or polyhouses, right? 38 00:02:17,920 --> 00:02:22,560 Kate Cassity-Duffey: But we know that this can be expensive and not accessible to small growers. 39 00:02:22,240 --> 00:02:28,560 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So sometimes we have to think about how do we optimize this high dollar space with a high dollar crop. 40 00:02:28,560 --> 00:02:35,200 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So we want to make sure we're making the choices that we need to get these crops in high tunnels versus field conditions 41 00:02:35,140 --> 00:02:39,140 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Now, I think everyone here knows that field production in the South can be very challenging. 42 00:02:39,140 --> 00:02:46,340 Kate Cassity-Duffey: This is especially true in organic production where we don't have organic pesticides, we don't have very strong pesticides always 43 00:02:46,140 --> 00:02:49,260 Kate Cassity-Duffey: But we also have some other issues in the field here in the South. 44 00:02:49,260 --> 00:02:58,220 Kate Cassity-Duffey: We know that the high light, the long days, can increase light and shorten our stems for cut flower production, which isn't always optimal. 45 00:02:57,700 --> 00:03:03,780 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And we typically see somewhere around 60 centimeters for commercial grade stem length for most of these cut flowers. 46 00:03:03,780 --> 00:03:08,019 Kate Cassity-Duffey: We also see in field production that we have damaged or tattered flowers. 47 00:03:07,600 --> 00:03:11,120 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And there's not a lot of information on plant date for our southern growers. 48 00:03:11,120 --> 00:03:19,920 Kate Cassity-Duffey: We can take what we've seen in other regions and apply it, but we all know that the temperatures can fluctuate here and we have very different temperatures and relative humidities than other regions 49 00:03:20,120 --> 00:03:22,760 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Organic fertility is really my specialty. 50 00:03:22,760 --> 00:03:30,680 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Organic fertility is challenging in any system, and we have very limited information for cuts as Celeste and Natalie were talking about. 51 00:03:30,820 --> 00:03:41,380 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Okay, so again, here's this University of Maryland Extension document, which is so helpful, but we are lacking information on how much fertility to apply to cut flowers. 52 00:03:41,140 --> 00:03:45,379 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And we're excited to hear what Tennessee is finding and what we're finding in some of my trials. 53 00:03:45,379 --> 00:03:49,700 Kate Cassity-Duffey: I often wonder if in cut flower production we could be under-fertilizing. 54 00:03:49,700 --> 00:03:52,739 Kate Cassity-Duffey: This is especially true in organic production. 55 00:03:52,739 --> 00:03:53,060 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Okay 56 00:03:53,720 --> 00:03:56,920 Kate Cassity-Duffey: All right, why is it harder in organic production? 57 00:03:56,920 --> 00:04:06,439 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And I'm going to talk about the nitrogen cycle, which sometimes causes people to shut down, but stay with me because it's a wonderful process that helps become these nutrients become available. 58 00:04:06,439 --> 00:04:07,319 Kate Cassity-Duffey: All right 59 00:04:06,800 --> 00:04:10,880 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So organic nitrogen is in a complex form, right? 60 00:04:10,880 --> 00:04:14,320 Kate Cassity-Duffey: It's poultry manure, it's compost, it's feather meal, right? 61 00:04:14,320 --> 00:04:18,000 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And they're these big amino acids, they're carbon chains. 62 00:04:17,400 --> 00:04:25,960 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And we're really required on mineralization, which is done by microorganisms in the soil to break it down to plant available ammonium. 63 00:04:25,960 --> 00:04:32,280 Kate Cassity-Duffey: All right, ammonium then undergoes nitrification and then it becomes plant available nitrate. 64 00:04:32,480 --> 00:04:35,680 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Again, a microbial mediated process. 65 00:04:35,680 --> 00:04:40,160 Kate Cassity-Duffey: All right, so both of these can be taken up by the plant, right? 66 00:04:40,100 --> 00:04:42,660 Kate Cassity-Duffey: But they can also be lost from the system. 67 00:04:42,660 --> 00:04:45,380 Kate Cassity-Duffey: One way they're lost from the system is through immobilization. 68 00:04:45,380 --> 00:04:51,060 Kate Cassity-Duffey: That's where our microbes in the soil compete with our plants for the available nitrogen. 69 00:04:50,940 --> 00:04:57,580 Kate Cassity-Duffey: We can have nitrate leaching, which is where rain or irrigation pushes the nitrogen outside of the root zone. 70 00:04:57,580 --> 00:05:04,140 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And we can have ammonia volatilization, which is where we have the gaseous loss of ammonia from the soil to the atmosphere 71 00:05:03,800 --> 00:05:18,599 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Right, so when we're trying to figure out how much organic nitrogen becomes available from these fertilizers, we're having to think about the rate of mineralization, the rate of nitrification, immobilization, and leaching, which as you can imagine is really complex and hard to predict. 72 00:05:18,940 --> 00:05:23,819 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Okay, so I'm going to talk more about fertility when I get to the sunflower section. 73 00:05:23,819 --> 00:05:28,860 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So I just wanted to introduce that here, but first I'm going to talk about our snapdragon trials. 74 00:05:28,900 --> 00:05:33,780 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Okay, so a lot of our small and mid-sized growers have both high tunnels and field production. 75 00:05:33,780 --> 00:05:35,700 Kate Cassity-Duffey: We know that snaps are pretty hardy. 76 00:05:35,700 --> 00:05:40,820 Kate Cassity-Duffey: I've actually been really impressed with their ability to withstand the weather that we had this year 77 00:05:40,460 --> 00:05:45,500 Kate Cassity-Duffey: We were seeing 20 Fahrenheit ice storms and snow, and they did a great job even in our field. 78 00:05:45,500 --> 00:05:51,259 Kate Cassity-Duffey: But we wanted to see how the high tunnels impact snapdragon quality and harvest windows. 79 00:05:50,940 --> 00:05:59,500 Kate Cassity-Duffey: All right, so we did this with a December 1 plant date, and we did it with two different cultivars, one being Madame Butterfly Bronze with White. 80 00:05:59,260 --> 00:06:01,420 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And two being Chantilly Bronze. 81 00:06:01,420 --> 00:06:01,820 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Okay? 82 00:06:01,820 --> 00:06:05,260 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And here you can see my field trial versus my high tunnel trial. 83 00:06:05,260 --> 00:06:09,660 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Each plot had about a hundred plants in it, and we replicated it over four times. 84 00:06:09,620 --> 00:06:17,139 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And so here's that Madame Butterfly Bronze with White and Chantilly Bronze, both two beautiful cultivars that we got to work with 85 00:06:17,440 --> 00:06:19,040 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And this is our rating scale. 86 00:06:19,040 --> 00:06:23,440 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So I'm going to come back to this, but I want you to notice we're going from 1 to 10. 87 00:06:23,440 --> 00:06:29,360 Kate Cassity-Duffey: When we're taking into account quality and rating, we're looking at how long that stem is. 88 00:06:28,800 --> 00:06:31,599 Kate Cassity-Duffey: We're looking at how long that inflorescence is, right? 89 00:06:31,599 --> 00:06:33,520 Kate Cassity-Duffey: How much of that actual flower is. 90 00:06:33,520 --> 00:06:36,000 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And then we're also trying to look at density. 91 00:06:36,000 --> 00:06:36,240 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Okay 92 00:06:36,400 --> 00:06:44,080 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So are those flowers spread down the stem, or are we seeing a large flower with compact flowers, right? 93 00:06:44,080 --> 00:06:48,800 Kate Cassity-Duffey: The higher the quality, the better we can do selling it at the market. 94 00:06:48,620 --> 00:06:57,259 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Okay, going into results, what I want to highlight here is looking at we have our flowers, our Chantilly here 95 00:06:57,440 --> 00:06:59,680 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Madame Butterfly on the bottom. 96 00:06:59,680 --> 00:07:06,880 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Then we have our field versus high tunnel production, field versus high tunnel production, our first harvest. 97 00:07:06,820 --> 00:07:15,220 Kate Cassity-Duffey: our last harvest, our harvest duration, the quality, stem length, flower height, spike height, and density. 98 00:07:15,220 --> 00:07:20,100 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Again, that's how well are these flowers kind of filling out that stem. 99 00:07:19,960 --> 00:07:29,319 Kate Cassity-Duffey: All right, what I wanted to show you with this is it was very interesting to me that for our field versus high tunnel studies for both cultivars. 100 00:07:29,260 --> 00:07:32,460 Kate Cassity-Duffey: We did not see a difference in that first harvest, right? 101 00:07:32,460 --> 00:07:38,060 Kate Cassity-Duffey: It makes sense is that flower is not driven just by temperature, but it's also driven by light. 102 00:07:38,060 --> 00:07:41,580 Kate Cassity-Duffey: But I was really surprised that we had the same first harvest date for both 103 00:07:41,940 --> 00:07:43,300 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Field and high tunnel. 104 00:07:43,300 --> 00:07:48,900 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And notice we had about a week difference between that Chantilly and that Madame Butterfly in our study. 105 00:07:48,900 --> 00:07:50,180 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Our last harvest 106 00:07:50,520 --> 00:07:54,280 Kate Cassity-Duffey: again was very different between the field and the high tunnel. 107 00:07:54,280 --> 00:07:54,600 Kate Cassity-Duffey: All right. 108 00:07:54,600 --> 00:08:00,840 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So if we look at this looking at harvest duration, how long was I picking on those flowers, right? 109 00:08:01,540 --> 00:08:07,140 Kate Cassity-Duffey: For Chantilly in the field, we had a harvest duration of about 15 days, about two weeks. 110 00:08:07,140 --> 00:08:12,260 Kate Cassity-Duffey: You contrast that to the high tunnel, I had a harvest duration of about eight days. 111 00:08:11,960 --> 00:08:18,120 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Similarly for Madame Butterfly, we had about two weeks in the field, more than ten days when we came to the high tunnel. 112 00:08:18,120 --> 00:08:22,360 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So if you're looking more for a more rapid, uniform harvest 113 00:08:22,280 --> 00:08:23,960 Kate Cassity-Duffey: a high tunnel might be a way to go. 114 00:08:23,960 --> 00:08:28,600 Kate Cassity-Duffey: If you're trying to stretch out that harvest, you might be able to do that via a field. 115 00:08:28,600 --> 00:08:34,040 Kate Cassity-Duffey: We didn't see big differences in quality between the two, which I was really surprised about 116 00:08:33,940 --> 00:08:40,180 Kate Cassity-Duffey: But a lot of this had to do with our density, which I'm going to get into that after I do stem length. 117 00:08:40,180 --> 00:08:43,140 Kate Cassity-Duffey: We did see big differences in our stem length. 118 00:08:43,240 --> 00:08:47,000 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And this is a very crucial point depending on who your market is. 119 00:08:47,000 --> 00:08:53,160 Kate Cassity-Duffey: All right, so in our field we saw about 10 centimeters shorter stems than we did in our high tunnel. 120 00:08:53,160 --> 00:08:54,600 Kate Cassity-Duffey: That's about four inches, right? 121 00:08:54,600 --> 00:08:57,640 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So that's a pretty big difference in stem length. 122 00:08:56,800 --> 00:09:02,800 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So if stem length is really important to your buyers, high tunnel production might be important to that. 123 00:09:02,800 --> 00:09:05,040 Kate Cassity-Duffey: All right, but this density indicator. 124 00:09:05,040 --> 00:09:08,320 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So something that I noticed was that in our high tunnels 125 00:09:08,339 --> 00:09:12,500 Kate Cassity-Duffey: we started to get those flowers being stretched out over that flower stem. 126 00:09:12,500 --> 00:09:16,259 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So even though we were getting good quality long stem length 127 00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:23,399 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Especially in our Chantillys, we have a little bit of those flowers going down the bottom of the stem and having a less dense spike 128 00:09:23,400 --> 00:09:27,160 Kate Cassity-Duffey: I think most of this was due to our really bizarre winter this year. 129 00:09:27,160 --> 00:09:33,400 Kate Cassity-Duffey: If y'all remember, we had February's in the 80s going back and forth between 20 degrees. 130 00:09:32,900 --> 00:09:41,380 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And I think that these high temperatures in the high tunnels exasperated that flower moving down into the stem and reducing density. 131 00:09:41,620 --> 00:09:45,700 Kate Cassity-Duffey: All right, so what are our high tunnel versus field takeaways? 132 00:09:45,700 --> 00:09:49,380 Kate Cassity-Duffey: In the high tunnel, we saw more intense and shorter harvest, right? 133 00:09:49,380 --> 00:09:52,180 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So kind of them all being ready more uniformly 134 00:09:52,320 --> 00:09:56,320 Kate Cassity-Duffey: We had no difference really in the first flower timing, which was surprising. 135 00:09:56,320 --> 00:10:01,920 Kate Cassity-Duffey: High tunnels increased stem length in both cultivars by about 10 centimeters or four inches. 136 00:10:01,459 --> 00:10:03,459 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And we saw some density issues, right? 137 00:10:03,459 --> 00:10:07,459 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And I do think that the high tunnel could have exasperated this density issue. 138 00:10:07,459 --> 00:10:13,779 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So it's something to think about with these more unusual temperature fluctuations that are becoming more usual, right? 139 00:10:13,540 --> 00:10:20,100 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Balancing who you're buying for and what their market is might help you make that decision between the high tunnel and field. 140 00:10:20,100 --> 00:10:21,779 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Just on a side note. 141 00:10:21,500 --> 00:10:25,260 Kate Cassity-Duffey: I spent quite a bit of time covering my snaps this year. 142 00:10:25,260 --> 00:10:30,700 Kate Cassity-Duffey: I probably could have gotten away with it, but I will say the high tunnel saved me a lot of time in that regard. 143 00:10:30,860 --> 00:10:44,779 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Moving on to my snapdragon and plant date study, we did this with Johnny's and in this one we wanted to figure out like how does plant date impact both flower quality and also flower harvest. 144 00:10:44,160 --> 00:10:46,640 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Okay, so we did this with two different plant dates. 145 00:10:46,800 --> 00:10:50,720 Kate Cassity-Duffey: We did a January 7th plant date and a March 11th plant date. 146 00:10:50,720 --> 00:10:53,120 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So two plant dates about two months apart. 147 00:10:53,120 --> 00:10:54,000 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Okay. 148 00:10:53,600 --> 00:11:05,839 Kate Cassity-Duffey: I did use my organic fertilizer and I just wanted to share these rates with you because they might seem high, but again, I think for organic fertilizers we really need to be thinking about how nitrogen becomes available 149 00:11:05,660 --> 00:11:14,380 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So I put out 100 pounds of nitrogen at planting, and then I side-dressed 50 pounds of nitrogen about halfway through the growing season. 150 00:11:13,800 --> 00:11:16,040 Kate Cassity-Duffey: I also put out a good bit of potassium. 151 00:11:16,040 --> 00:11:22,279 Kate Cassity-Duffey: In our southern soils, potassium can leach quickly, and so I wanted to make sure that we had good flower set and bloom. 152 00:11:22,279 --> 00:11:25,000 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And I did that with potash, okay? 153 00:11:24,660 --> 00:11:29,780 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So remember, organic, so not all of the fertilizers are available immediately. 154 00:11:29,780 --> 00:11:31,780 Kate Cassity-Duffey: We're releasing it over time. 155 00:11:31,780 --> 00:11:35,620 Kate Cassity-Duffey: A different rate of release than when we think about conventional fertilizers 156 00:11:35,560 --> 00:11:40,120 Kate Cassity-Duffey: All right, and here you can see our field study with eight different cultivars. 157 00:11:40,120 --> 00:11:47,320 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Okay, and these are commonly grown cultivars, but also ones that Johnny was interested in seeing growing in our southern region. 158 00:11:47,240 --> 00:11:52,920 Kate Cassity-Duffey: All right, so I'm going to go through what some of these flowers look like and then talk to you about some of the quality attributes. 159 00:11:52,920 --> 00:11:56,360 Kate Cassity-Duffey: All right, so the first one is Antibes Apricot I. 160 00:11:56,620 --> 00:12:01,339 Kate Cassity-Duffey: It's a group one and it's not particularly recommended for our summer. 161 00:12:01,339 --> 00:12:03,899 Kate Cassity-Duffey: It's not particularly recommended for summer production. 162 00:12:04,060 --> 00:12:06,779 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So it made sense for that January plant date. 163 00:12:06,620 --> 00:12:08,060 Kate Cassity-Duffey: I love this flower. 164 00:12:08,060 --> 00:12:10,860 Kate Cassity-Duffey: It had a beautiful plump flower, nice coloring. 165 00:12:10,860 --> 00:12:15,019 Kate Cassity-Duffey: I will say the stems are short, and I'll show you that data at the end. 166 00:12:14,700 --> 00:12:18,700 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Then we had an Avignon Lavender 2, which you can see here on the right. 167 00:12:18,700 --> 00:12:20,700 Kate Cassity-Duffey: It's a group 2 snapdragon. 168 00:12:20,700 --> 00:12:23,900 Kate Cassity-Duffey: It had a beautiful color and had a wonderful scent as well. 169 00:12:23,900 --> 00:12:29,420 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And we had stems around 50 centimeters for this one and a staggered harvest. 170 00:12:29,040 --> 00:12:31,200 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Next we had Avignon Apricot. 171 00:12:31,200 --> 00:12:34,560 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Now this was probably my favorite and I think I just like the butter yellow. 172 00:12:34,560 --> 00:12:38,640 Kate Cassity-Duffey: It was a lot yellower than what I had seen in seed catalogs, but it was a really gorgeous color. 173 00:12:38,640 --> 00:12:40,720 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Again, shorter stems though 174 00:12:40,440 --> 00:12:42,200 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Balancing, what is this market for? 175 00:12:42,200 --> 00:12:43,560 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Who are you growing this for? 176 00:12:43,560 --> 00:12:51,640 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And you can see we had a little bit of that kind of undesirable kind of flopping we get with snaps when those stems aren't quite as strong. 177 00:12:51,540 --> 00:12:53,700 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Next we had Potomac Orange. 178 00:12:53,700 --> 00:12:57,220 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Potomac Orange was a group three or four snapdragon. 179 00:12:57,220 --> 00:13:00,740 Kate Cassity-Duffey: That harvest window was a lot later for this one. 180 00:13:00,300 --> 00:13:10,540 Kate Cassity-Duffey: But it had a very vibrant color, it had a good, strong stem, and it seemed to have a very long vase life in my not scientific studies, but it's one that really hung around. 181 00:13:10,560 --> 00:13:12,960 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Next we did Chantilly Light Salmon. 182 00:13:12,960 --> 00:13:17,040 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And this was just like a nice go-to snapdragon. 183 00:13:17,040 --> 00:13:22,160 Kate Cassity-Duffey: I was really impressed with like how many stems I was able to get for it from it. 184 00:13:21,700 --> 00:13:26,340 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And it also continuously harvested throughout the year. 185 00:13:26,340 --> 00:13:35,460 Kate Cassity-Duffey: It almost has like a stock-like bloom and a ton of stems per plant and just a hardy kind of uniform flowering time. 186 00:13:34,800 --> 00:13:40,640 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Next we had Cannes Light Bronze, a beautiful color, good stem length, good stem height. 187 00:13:40,640 --> 00:13:43,440 Kate Cassity-Duffey: It was about 60 to 65 centimeters. 188 00:13:43,440 --> 00:13:49,519 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And the harvest is a little bit more stretched out, but overall another great selection. 189 00:13:48,540 --> 00:13:53,260 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Potomac Lavender here on our left, it did okay. 190 00:13:53,260 --> 00:13:57,339 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Something I want to note is it had a little bit of a later flowering date in our region. 191 00:13:57,339 --> 00:14:00,060 Kate Cassity-Duffey: It's a group three or four snapdragon. 192 00:13:59,660 --> 00:14:02,620 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And you can see here on these stems what I was talking about. 193 00:14:02,620 --> 00:14:05,660 Kate Cassity-Duffey: We get that flower up at the top, it's not fully full. 194 00:14:05,660 --> 00:14:06,860 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So maybe not 195 00:14:07,520 --> 00:14:10,080 Kate Cassity-Duffey: the best for the plant date that I chose. 196 00:14:10,080 --> 00:14:12,640 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Sometimes it did have fragrant. 197 00:14:12,640 --> 00:14:16,400 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Sorry, it was very fragrant, and then sometimes it had bigger stems. 198 00:14:16,320 --> 00:14:19,120 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Same for Costa Summer. 199 00:14:19,120 --> 00:14:20,800 Kate Cassity-Duffey: It had very strong stems. 200 00:14:20,800 --> 00:14:23,360 Kate Cassity-Duffey: You can see it had a nice flower development. 201 00:14:23,360 --> 00:14:27,040 Kate Cassity-Duffey: It was super tall, 65 to 70 centimeters. 202 00:14:26,660 --> 00:14:30,500 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And I actually liked that it opened into a much lighter color. 203 00:14:30,500 --> 00:14:34,180 Kate Cassity-Duffey: It had a very beautiful gradient as it hung out in the stem 204 00:14:34,200 --> 00:14:39,080 Kate Cassity-Duffey: All right, so wrapping this up, what did I find in the snapdragon plant date trial? 205 00:14:39,080 --> 00:14:41,400 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Here on the top, we have our first plant date. 206 00:14:41,400 --> 00:14:43,160 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Remember January 7th? 207 00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:47,360 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Then we have our second plant date, March 11th, and then all of our cultivars. 208 00:14:47,360 --> 00:14:47,920 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Okay? 209 00:14:47,920 --> 00:14:51,680 Kate Cassity-Duffey: What I want to highlight here is this 50% of the plot. 210 00:14:51,940 --> 00:14:52,580 Kate Cassity-Duffey: harvestable or mature. 211 00:14:52,580 --> 00:15:00,580 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So here you can see we started harvesting kind of around late April for our first plant date, we were closer to May. 212 00:15:00,580 --> 00:15:01,459 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Okay. 213 00:15:01,000 --> 00:15:04,200 Kate Cassity-Duffey: But what I want to highlight again, these were 60 days apart. 214 00:15:04,200 --> 00:15:07,080 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Our harvest windows are not 60 days apart, right? 215 00:15:07,080 --> 00:15:12,920 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So remember, as you're doing succession planting, we have to think about growing degree days and light as well. 216 00:15:12,920 --> 00:15:13,240 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Okay 217 00:15:13,560 --> 00:15:18,840 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Another thing that we found really interesting was the harvest per plant, this column right here in the middle. 218 00:15:18,840 --> 00:15:23,720 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And what that means was how many stems did I get per plant that I planted? 219 00:15:23,360 --> 00:15:32,480 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Something I found really interesting was for this first plant date, we were more like two stems per plant, which these were pinched, so I was expecting a little bit more branching. 220 00:15:32,480 --> 00:15:37,040 Kate Cassity-Duffey: In that second plant date in March, we were getting closer to three to four 221 00:15:36,700 --> 00:15:42,220 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So it was a shorter window, but they were ready and there were more stems per plant. 222 00:15:42,220 --> 00:15:48,380 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Overall, I don't think I saw a huge difference in bloom quality between the two plant dates. 223 00:15:48,160 --> 00:15:58,320 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Stem length was fairly consistent with higher stems with longer stems being in that second plant date, and then overall rating was similar between the two plant dates. 224 00:15:57,959 --> 00:16:01,720 Kate Cassity-Duffey: All right, so takeaways for that snapdragon and plant date. 225 00:16:01,720 --> 00:16:04,040 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Thinking about planting two months apart. 226 00:16:04,040 --> 00:16:06,680 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Remember you're not going to get that harvest. 227 00:16:06,440 --> 00:16:07,560 Kate Cassity-Duffey: two months apart. 228 00:16:07,560 --> 00:16:12,440 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So think about how you're going to do succession planting, whether that's with plant date or with cultivar. 229 00:16:12,440 --> 00:16:16,360 Kate Cassity-Duffey: We did have some stem thickness issues, especially with that second plant date. 230 00:16:16,360 --> 00:16:21,160 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Just a few of them were just a little bit too fat, maybe for a lot of our florists. 231 00:16:21,320 --> 00:16:24,520 Kate Cassity-Duffey: We had more stems per plot and our second plant date. 232 00:16:24,520 --> 00:16:26,120 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And I'm working on the second year. 233 00:16:26,120 --> 00:16:30,040 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So I will repeat both the high tunnel and the snapdragon next year. 234 00:16:30,040 --> 00:16:33,960 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And that'll really allow me to hone in on how weather drives 235 00:16:34,040 --> 00:16:39,240 Kate Cassity-Duffey: some of these quality aspects and flowering time for our snapdragons here in the South. 236 00:16:39,240 --> 00:16:45,080 Kate Cassity-Duffey: This was my first time growing snaps for a cut flower production and I just want to say I was really impressed 237 00:16:45,120 --> 00:16:47,440 Kate Cassity-Duffey: With all of these cultivars about how hardy they were. 238 00:16:47,440 --> 00:16:52,320 Kate Cassity-Duffey: They just really took it kind of the dynamic weather that we had this season and really did well 239 00:16:52,940 --> 00:17:00,300 Kate Cassity-Duffey: All right, so come back to me for that second part, I think after around the 11, looking at lisianthus and sunflowers. 240 00:17:00,300 --> 00:17:03,420 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And as always, I want to thank American Takii and Johnny Seeds 241 00:17:03,459 --> 00:17:11,059 Kate Cassity-Duffey: My email's at the bottom, I would love to talk to any growers anytime about problems they're seeing, especially if you're in organic production 242 00:17:10,900 --> 00:17:12,980 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And Natalie and Celeste mentioned this. 243 00:17:12,980 --> 00:17:15,780 Kate Cassity-Duffey: We have the ability to mess around when you guys don't. 244 00:17:15,780 --> 00:17:19,940 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So please let us know your questions and how we can help with this growing. 245 00:17:19,940 --> 00:17:21,700 Kate Cassity-Duffey: All right, thank you. 246 00:17:21,700 --> 00:17:24,100 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And I'll be glad to take questions. 247 00:17:24,220 --> 00:17:25,100 Gabrielle LaTora: Thank you, Dr. 248 00:17:25,100 --> 00:17:26,460 Gabrielle LaTora: Cassity-Duffey. 249 00:17:26,460 --> 00:17:27,980 Gabrielle LaTora: Can you hear me this time? 250 00:17:28,300 --> 00:17:29,420 Gabrielle LaTora: Okay, good. 251 00:17:29,660 --> 00:17:32,140 Gabrielle LaTora: We have one question for you. 252 00:17:32,100 --> 00:17:36,980 Gabrielle LaTora: Would snapdragons started from seed now bloom in late fall? 253 00:17:36,980 --> 00:17:39,140 Gabrielle LaTora: And this is Potomac specifically. 254 00:17:39,140 --> 00:17:39,780 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Yeah 255 00:17:39,700 --> 00:17:43,380 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So that is an excellent question and one I have myself. 256 00:17:43,380 --> 00:17:45,860 Kate Cassity-Duffey: I do know that some growers are doing that. 257 00:17:45,860 --> 00:17:49,380 Kate Cassity-Duffey: I'm going to start one in August and see what that is. 258 00:17:49,419 --> 00:17:53,500 Kate Cassity-Duffey: With Potomac, I think you should be able to seed now. 259 00:17:53,500 --> 00:17:57,740 Kate Cassity-Duffey: I'm finding about 10 weeks from seed until transplant. 260 00:17:57,740 --> 00:18:02,140 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And then I would imagine hopefully, but it will be light specific 261 00:18:02,519 --> 00:18:03,480 Kate Cassity-Duffey: You'll have it by fall. 262 00:18:03,480 --> 00:18:05,799 Kate Cassity-Duffey: And I think the Potomac's a group one. 263 00:18:05,799 --> 00:18:08,440 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So following those groups is really important. 264 00:18:08,440 --> 00:18:09,720 Kate Cassity-Duffey: But yeah. 265 00:18:09,720 --> 00:18:10,440 Gabrielle LaTora: Perfect. 266 00:18:10,440 --> 00:18:11,320 Gabrielle LaTora: Thank you. 267 00:18:11,320 --> 00:18:13,399 Gabrielle LaTora: One more question. 268 00:18:13,140 --> 00:18:18,740 Gabrielle LaTora: Will your second year study cover the same cultivars or will you drop and add? 269 00:18:18,740 --> 00:18:19,380 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Yeah. 270 00:18:19,380 --> 00:18:22,100 Kate Cassity-Duffey: I will do the same cultivars. 271 00:18:21,679 --> 00:18:25,840 Kate Cassity-Duffey: so that we can see how the cultivars might respond to different weather. 272 00:18:25,840 --> 00:18:29,280 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So then I can more like hone in onto the weather. 273 00:18:29,280 --> 00:18:36,480 Kate Cassity-Duffey: If you have any cultivars that you think are interesting, please let me know or ones that you think are doing really well in the South and I could add some. 274 00:18:36,240 --> 00:18:37,280 Gabrielle LaTora: Perfect. 275 00:18:37,280 --> 00:18:39,840 Gabrielle LaTora: Okay, we got another one coming in. 276 00:18:39,840 --> 00:18:45,440 Gabrielle LaTora: How far apart are your spacing for your snapdragons and how many rows per bed? 277 00:18:45,240 --> 00:18:52,040 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Yeah, this one I did on a four inch spacing a little bit closer and so 278 00:18:52,779 --> 00:18:59,340 Kate Cassity-Duffey: four inch spacing and then I did four rows per plot on three foot centers. 279 00:18:59,340 --> 00:19:06,460 Kate Cassity-Duffey: I'm trying to make sure. Yes. Yes. That's what I did. Yeah. Perfect. Okay, one more. 280 00:19:07,120 --> 00:19:14,000 Gabrielle LaTora: Can you just cover briefly what the different classes mean on snaps as far as early or late? 281 00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:15,280 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Yeah. 282 00:19:14,700 --> 00:19:18,460 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So group one, group two, group three, group four, right? 283 00:19:18,460 --> 00:19:24,539 Kate Cassity-Duffey: It's something I've been learning transitioning from vegetables to cut flower production because it's very different 284 00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:31,720 Kate Cassity-Duffey: In group one and group two, it's giving you an indice of when they might perform the best and that flowering time. 285 00:19:31,720 --> 00:19:38,919 Kate Cassity-Duffey: So for instance, group ones are typically cooler, faster, and your group twos and threes are a little bit longer. 286 00:19:38,400 --> 00:19:42,000 Kate Cassity-Duffey: I've also noticed there are quite a few kind of groupless. 287 00:19:42,000 --> 00:19:42,800 Gabrielle LaTora: Okay, cool. 288 00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:43,440 Gabrielle LaTora: Thank you. 289 00:19:43,680 --> 00:19:45,680 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Typically it's a three to four. 290 00:19:45,680 --> 00:19:47,600 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Oh, I'm surprised by that from Florida. 291 00:19:47,760 --> 00:19:48,400 Kate Cassity-Duffey: That's interesting. 292 00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:48,960 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Thank you. 293 00:19:48,960 --> 00:19:49,840 Kate Cassity-Duffey: I saw that chat. 294 00:19:49,840 --> 00:19:53,040 Kate Cassity-Duffey: Groups three, Madame Butterfly is a groupless 295 00:19:52,800 --> 00:19:55,200 Kate Cassity-Duffey: one and so she does what she wants. 296 00:19:55,200 --> 00:20:00,000 Kate Cassity-Duffey: The thing about groups is they're giving us an indice on time to flowering. 297 00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:02,080 Kate Cassity-Duffey: They also help us understand 298 00:20:02,080 --> 00:20:13,200 Kate Cassity-Duffey: stem length like in lisianthus as we get into higher groups we tend to get longer stems due to the longer growing time and you can stagger with group one and two so like you're going from cool to longer seasons. 299 00:20:13,280 --> 00:20:15,360 Gabrielle LaTora: Great, thank you so much, Dr. 300 00:20:15,360 --> 00:20:16,640 Gabrielle LaTora: Cassity-Duffey. 301 00:20:16,640 --> 00:20:18,080 Gabrielle LaTora: We appreciate you